Control WS2812B and many more types of digital RGB LEDs with an ESP32 over WiFi!
This report presents the forensic synthetic code analysis of wled/WLED, a C++ project with 18,372 GitHub stars. SynthScan v2.0 examined 117,516 lines of code across 444 source files, recording 389 pattern matches distributed across 10 syntactic categories. The overall adjusted score of 4.5 places this repository in the Likely human-written band.
The scanner applied 160+ deterministic lexical heuristics, multi-line block detectors, abstract syntax tree depth profilers, and a cross-file Jaccard similarity matrix to construct a statistically normalised synthetic code estimate. All matches are individually weighted by severity coefficient and contextual multiplier before summation, and the resulting headline score is temporally discounted to account for the repository's development history relative to the commercial emergence of large language model coding tooling (November 2022 onward).
This chart maps the temporal evolution of the adjusted synthetic code score across successive scan runs. An upward trajectory indicates ongoing incorporation of AI-generated code or expanding LLM-assisted scaffolding; a stable or declining trajectory may reflect active human refactoring, code removal, or the adoption of stricter authorship policies. The dashed secondary line (right axis) independently tracks total raw pattern hit count, which can diverge from the normalised score when codebase size changes significantly between scans.
Classifies detected patterns by their diagnostic confidence and structural impact. CRITICAL patterns (coefficient 10) represent definitive synthetic signatures — hallucinated imports, explicit LLM attribution metadata — virtually never produced by human authors. HIGH (5) indicates strong structural tells such as cross-file repetition or cross-linguistic idioms. MEDIUM (2) covers recognisable conversational padding and AI-specific vocabulary. LOW (1) captures subtle indicators like tautological comments and generic boilerplate that require density to carry independent signal.
This horizontal bar chart decomposes the repository's raw synthetic code score by top-level directory, allowing you to pinpoint precisely which modules or components carry the highest AI authorship density. Directories with disproportionately high scores relative to their size warrant targeted manual review: concentrated AI signatures often trace back to mass-generated configuration layers, auto-ported test suites, LLM-scaffolded boilerplate classes, or entire subsystems authored under heavy copilot assistance. Use this view to prioritise your human code-review effort.
The scanner identified 389 distinct pattern matches across 10 syntactic categories. Each entry below represents a discrete location in the source code where the engine recorded a statistically significant AI authorship indicator. Expand any category row to inspect the individual file paths, line numbers, code snippets, and the lexical context (CODE, COMMENT, or STRING) in which each match was detected.
Reading the findings table: The Severity column indicates the diagnostic confidence level (CRITICAL / HIGH / MEDIUM / LOW). The Context column identifies whether the match occurred inside executable code, an inline comment, or a string literal — comment-context matches receive a ×1.5 weight because LLMs systematically over-annotate. The ⚡ bolt icon marks clustered matches: three or more patterns within a 10-line window, each receiving an additional ×1.5 density multiplier as dense clusters constitute far stronger evidence of synthetic authorship than isolated hits.
| Severity | File | Line | Snippet | Context |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LOW | requirements.txt | 1 | # | COMMENT |
| LOW | requirements.txt | 21 | colorama==0.4.6 | COMMENT |
| LOW | platformio.ini | 41 | platformio_override.ini | COMMENT |
| LOW | platformio.ini | 61 | # -DPIO_FRAMEWORK_ARDUINO_LWIP_HIGHER_BANDWIDTH = v1.4 Higher Bandwidth (default) | COMMENT |
| LOW | platformio.ini | 141 | #For use of the TTGO T-Display ESP32 Module with integrated TFT display uncomment the following line | COMMENT |
| LOW | platformio_override.sample.ini | 521 | # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | COMMENT |
| LOW | .coderabbit.yaml | 1 | # yaml-language-server: $schema=https://coderabbit.ai/integrations/schema.v2.json | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/fcn_declare.h | 501 | #ifndef ESP8266 | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/fcn_declare.h | 521 | inline size_t getContiguousFreeHeap() { return heap_caps_get_largest_free_block(MALLOC_CAP_INTERNAL | MALLOC_CAP_8BIT); | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/network.cpp | 361 | } | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/network.cpp | 381 | #define ARDUINO_EVENT_WIFI_AP_START SYSTEM_EVENT_AP_START | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/FX_fcn.cpp | 401 | } | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/FX_fcn.cpp | 801 | setPixelColorXY(x, y, col); | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/NodeStruct.h | 1 | #ifndef WLED_NODESTRUCT_H | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/NodeStruct.h | 21 | //#define NODE_TYPE_ID_ESP32S2 34 | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/util.cpp | 1 | #include "wled.h" | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/util.cpp | 261 | // This can happen during large JSON web transactions. In this case, we continue immediately | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/util.cpp | 761 | uint32_t diff = upperlimit - lowerlimit; | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/bus_manager.h | 1 | #pragma once | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/bus_manager.h | 21 | #include "asyncDNS.h" | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/bus_manager.h | 41 | #define DEBUGOUT Serial | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/cfg.cpp | 1 | #include "wled.h" | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/wled_metadata.cpp | 1 | #include "ota_update.h" | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/pin_manager.h | 1 | #ifndef WLED_PIN_MANAGER_H | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/FX.h | 21 | #include "colors.h" | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/FX.h | 41 | #define DEFAULT_BRIGHTNESS (uint8_t)127 | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/FX.h | 61 | #define WLED_FPS 42 | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/FX.h | 81 | COMMENT | |
| LOW | wled00/FX.h | 101 | #define FAIR_DATA_PER_SEG (MAX_SEGMENT_DATA / MAX_NUM_SEGMENTS) | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/FX.h | 121 | #define YELLOW (uint32_t)0xFFFF00 | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/FX.h | 141 | #define FROZEN (uint16_t)0x0010 | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/FX.h | 161 | #define FX_MODE_THEATER_CHASE_RAINBOW 14 // candidate for removal (use Theater) | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/FX.h | 181 | #define FX_MODE_COLORFUL 34 | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/FX.h | 201 | #define FX_MODE_TRICOLOR_CHASE 54 | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/FX.h | 221 | #define FX_MODE_COLORTWINKLE 74 | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/FX.h | 241 | #define FX_MODE_SINELON_DUAL 93 // candidate for removal (use sinelon) | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/FX.h | 261 | #define FX_MODE_WASHING_MACHINE 113 | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/FX.h | 281 | #define FX_MODE_PIXELWAVE 129 | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/FX.h | 301 | #define FX_MODE_2DFIRENOISE 149 | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/FX.h | 321 | #define FX_MODE_2DCOLOREDBURSTS 167 | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/FX.h | 341 | COMMENT | |
| LOW | wled00/FX.h | 361 | #define FX_MODE_PSSPARKLER 206 | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/FX.h | 381 | #define TRANSITION_SWIPE_LEFT 0x03 // 1D or 2D | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/improv.cpp | 1 | #include "wled.h" | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/ir.cpp | 21 | // brightnessSteps: a static array of brightness levels following a geometric | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/bus_wrapper.h | 1 | #pragma once | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/bus_wrapper.h | 21 | #define I_8266_DM_NEO_3 3 | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/bus_wrapper.h | 41 | #define I_8266_DM_TM2_3 19 | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/bus_wrapper.h | 61 | #define I_8266_DM_APA106_3 35 | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/bus_wrapper.h | 81 | #define I_32_RN_NEO_3 1 | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/bus_wrapper.h | 101 | //FW1906 GRBCCT 6 color channels | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/bus_wrapper.h | 121 | //LPD8806 | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/bus_wrapper.h | 141 | /*** ESP8266 Neopixel methods ***/ | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/bus_wrapper.h | 161 | #define B_8266_DM_TM1_4 NeoPixelBus<NeoWrgbTm1814Feature, NeoEsp8266DmaTm1814Method> | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/bus_wrapper.h | 181 | #define B_8266_DM_APA106_3 NeoPixelBus<NeoGrbFeature, NeoEsp8266DmaApa106Method> //3 chan, esp8266, gpio3 | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/bus_wrapper.h | 201 | #define B_8266_DM_SM16825_5 NeoPixelBus<NeoRgbwcSm16825eFeature, NeoEsp8266Dma800KbpsMethod> | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/bus_wrapper.h | 241 | typedef NeoEsp32I2s1Tm1829Method X1Tm1829Method; | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/bus_wrapper.h | 261 | #define B_32_RN_NEO_4 NeoPixelBus<NeoGrbwFeature, NeoEsp32RmtMethod(Sk6812)> | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/bus_wrapper.h | 281 | #define B_32_RN_UCS_4 NeoPixelBus<NeoRgbwUcs8904Feature, NeoEsp32RmtMethod(Ws2812x)> | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/bus_wrapper.h | 301 | #define B_32_RN_SM16825_5 NeoPixelBus<NeoRgbcwSm16825eFeature, NeoEsp32RmtMethod(Ws2812x)> | COMMENT |
| 260 more matches not shown… | ||||
| Severity | File | Line | Snippet | Context |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MEDIUM | platformio.ini | 5 | # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | platformio.ini | 10 | # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM⚡ | platformio.ini | 45 | # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM⚡ | platformio.ini | 49 | # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM⚡ | platformio.ini | 55 | # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | platformio.ini | 76 | # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM⚡ | platformio.ini | 113 | # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM⚡ | platformio.ini | 115 | # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM⚡ | platformio.ini | 123 | # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM⚡ | platformio.ini | 129 | # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | platformio.ini | 163 | # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | platformio.ini | 169 | # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | platformio.ini | 387 | # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | platformio.ini | 389 | # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | platformio.ini | 723 | # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | platformio.ini | 725 | # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM⚡ | platformio_override.sample.ini | 2 | # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM⚡ | platformio_override.sample.ini | 4 | # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM⚡ | platformio_override.sample.ini | 10 | #---------- | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM⚡ | platformio_override.sample.ini | 12 | #---------- | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | platformio_override.sample.ini | 203 | # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | platformio_override.sample.ini | 207 | # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | platformio_override.sample.ini | 221 | # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | platformio_override.sample.ini | 223 | # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | platformio_override.sample.ini | 498 | # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | platformio_override.sample.ini | 501 | # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM⚡ | platformio_override.sample.ini | 521 | # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM⚡ | platformio_override.sample.ini | 524 | # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM⚡ | platformio_override.sample.ini | 527 | # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM⚡ | platformio_override.sample.ini | 529 | # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | .coderabbit.yaml | 67 | # ── Security hardening — firmware (trust-boundary-aware) ──────────────── | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | .coderabbit.yaml | 97 | # ── Security hardening — WebUI (always an ingress/output surface) ──────── | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | .coderabbit.yaml | 185 | # ── Secrets / sensitive information scanning ──────────────────────────── | COMMENT |
| Severity | File | Line | Snippet | Context |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MEDIUM | wled00/udp.cpp | 174 | // to work around that limitation it is mandatory to utilize onDataSent() callback which should reduce number queu | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | usermods/AHT10_v2/AHT10_v2.cpp | 245 | // setting them inside readFromConfig() is slightly more robust, handling the rare but plausible use case of single | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | …2_four_line_display_ALT/usermod_v2_four_line_display.h | 8 | #define FLD_ESP32_USE_THREADS // comment out to use 0.13.x behaviour without parallel update task - slower, but more | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | …2_four_line_display_ALT/usermod_v2_four_line_display.h | 8 | #define FLD_ESP32_USE_THREADS // comment out to use 0.13.x behaviour without parallel update task - slower, but more | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | usermods/BME280_v2/BME280_v2.cpp | 421 | // setting them inside readFromConfig() is slightly more robust, handling the rare but plausible use case of single | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | usermods/wizlights/wizlights.cpp | 39 | // Better utilize WLED existing white mixing logic | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | usermods/EXAMPLE/usermod_v2_example.cpp | 257 | // setting them inside readFromConfig() is slightly more robust, handling the rare but plausible use case of singl | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | usermods/audioreactive/audio_reactive.cpp | 1089 | // warning!! Absolutely experimental code. Audio on 8266 is still not working. Expects a million follow-on probl | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | usermods/audioreactive/audio_source.h | 43 | // Uncomment the line below to utilize ADC1 _exclusively_ for I2S sound input. | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | usermods/LD2410_v2/LD2410_v2.cpp | 171 | // setting them inside readFromConfig() is slightly more robust, handling the rare but plausible use case of singl | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | usermods/Cronixie/Cronixie.cpp | 285 | // setting them inside readFromConfig() is slightly more robust, handling the rare but plausible use case of singl | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | usermods/deep_sleep/deep_sleep.cpp | 268 | // setting them inside readFromConfig() is slightly more robust, handling the rare but plausible use case of singl | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | usermods/mpu6050_imu/mpu6050_imu.cpp | 381 | // setting them inside readFromConfig() is slightly more robust, handling the rare but plausible use case of singl | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | usermods/mpu6050_imu/usermod_gyro_surge.h | 151 | // setting them inside readFromConfig() is slightly more robust, handling the rare but plausible use case of singl | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | …ermods/usermod_v2_word_clock/usermod_v2_word_clock.cpp | 456 | // setting them inside readFromConfig() is slightly more robust, handling the rare but plausible use case of singl | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | …2_klipper_percentage/usermod_v2_klipper_percentage.cpp | 116 | // setting them inside readFromConfig() is slightly more robust, handling the rare but plausible use case of single | COMMENT |
| Severity | File | Line | Snippet | Context |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HIGH | AGENTS.md | 255 | ### Attribution for AI-generated code | COMMENT |
| HIGH | wled00/ws.cpp | 72 | // publish state to MQTT as requested in wled#4643 even if only WS response selected | COMMENT |
| HIGH | wled00/udp.cpp | 811 | /*1*/ddpUdp.write(sequenceNumber++ & 0x0F); // sequence may be unnecessary unless we are sending twice (as reque | COMMENT |
| HIGH | wled00/wled_server.cpp | 454 | // publish state to MQTT as requested in wled#4643 even if only WS response selected | COMMENT |
| Severity | File | Line | Snippet | Context |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LOW | tools/cdata.js | 211 | function isAnyFileInFolderNewerThan(folderPath, time) { | CODE |
| LOW | tools/cdata-test.js | 115 | async function runAndCheckIfBuiltFilesExist() { | CODE |
| LOW | tools/cdata-test.js | 120 | async function checkIfFileWasNewlyCreated(file) { | CODE |
| LOW | wled00/data/index.js | 1668 | function setSelectedEffectPosition() { | CODE |
| LOW | wled00/data/pixelforge/omggif.js | 225 | function GifWriterOutputLZWCodeStream(buf, p, min_code_size, index_stream) { | CODE |
| LOW | wled00/data/pixelforge/omggif.js | 662 | function GifReaderLZWOutputIndexStream(code_stream, p, output, output_length) { | CODE |
| Severity | File | Line | Snippet | Context |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MEDIUM | platformio.ini | 70 | # When building on core >= 2.5, you can add the build flag -DBEARSSL_SSL_BASIC in order to build BearSSL with a limite | COMMENT |
| LOW | wled00/util.cpp | 772 | #warning "BOARD_HAS_PSRAM defined, make sure to use -mfix-esp32-psram-cache-issue to prevent issues on rev.1 ESP32 b | COMMENT |
| Severity | File | Line | Snippet | Context |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LOW | pio-scripts/load_usermods.py | 143 | CODE | |
| LOW | pio-scripts/validate_modules.py | 103 | CODE | |
| LOW | usermods/pixels_dice_tray/generate_roll_info.py | 123 | CODE | |
| LOW | usermods/JSON_IR_remote/ir_json_maker.py | 59 | CODE |
| Severity | File | Line | Snippet | Context |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LOW | pio-scripts/set_metadata.py | 44 | # Check if it's a GitHub URL | COMMENT |
| LOW | pio-scripts/build_ui.py | 5 | # Check if Node.js is installed and present in PATH if it failed, abort the build | COMMENT |
| Severity | File | Line | Snippet | Context |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LOW | pio-scripts/dynarray.py | 69 | # TODO: consider using ESP-IDF linker fragment (https://docs.espressif.com/projects/esp-idf/en/stable/esp32/api- | COMMENT |
| Severity | File | Line | Snippet | Context |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LOW | pio-scripts/set_metadata.py | 75 | except Exception: | CODE |