Repository Analysis

rohitg00/ai-engineering-from-scratch

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17.5 Moderate AI signal View on GitHub

Analysis Overview

This report presents the forensic synthetic code analysis of rohitg00/ai-engineering-from-scratch, a Python project with 38,255 GitHub stars. SynthScan v2.0 examined 347,746 lines of code across 2228 source files, recording 3638 pattern matches distributed across 20 syntactic categories. The overall adjusted score of 17.5 places this repository in the Moderate AI signal band.

The scanner applied 160+ deterministic lexical heuristics, multi-line block detectors, abstract syntax tree depth profilers, and a cross-file Jaccard similarity matrix to construct a statistically normalised synthetic code estimate. All matches are individually weighted by severity coefficient and contextual multiplier before summation, and the resulting headline score is temporally discounted to account for the repository's development history relative to the commercial emergence of large language model coding tooling (November 2022 onward).

17.5
Adjusted Score
17.5
Raw Score
100%
Time Factor
2026-06-25
Last Push
38.3K
Stars
Python
Language
347.7K
Lines of Code
2.2K
Files
3.6K
Pattern Hits
2026-07-14
Scan Date
0.02
HC Hit Rate

What These Metrics Mean

Adjusted Score
Primary synthetic code indicator. Raw score normalised per 1,000 lines of code and multiplied by the temporal discount factor. This is the definitive comparative metric — use it to rank repositories by AI authorship density.
Raw Score
The unmodified sum of all severity-weighted, context-multiplied pattern match scores before temporal discounting. Reflects the absolute signal strength independent of when the repository was last active.
Time Factor
The temporal discount multiplier (0–100%) applied to the raw score. Repositories last updated before ChatGPT's launch (Nov 2022) receive a 5% factor. Full signal is only assigned to repositories active in the post-adoption era (Jan 2024+).
Pattern Hits
Total count of individual pattern matches across all files and categories. A high hit count with a low score may indicate a very large codebase with isolated AI snippets; a low count with a high score indicates dense, concentrated AI signatures.
HC Hit Rate
High+Critical pattern hits per file, averaged across the repository. This orthogonal signal catches repositories where a few files are densely packed with high-severity AI tells — a strong indicator even when the normalised score appears moderate due to codebase size.
Lines of Code / Files
Total lines and files analysed. The scanner examines 94 file extensions. These denominators are used to normalise the score, enabling fair comparison between repositories of vastly different sizes.

Score History

This chart maps the temporal evolution of the adjusted synthetic code score across successive scan runs. An upward trajectory indicates ongoing incorporation of AI-generated code or expanding LLM-assisted scaffolding; a stable or declining trajectory may reflect active human refactoring, code removal, or the adoption of stricter authorship policies. The dashed secondary line (right axis) independently tracks total raw pattern hit count, which can diverge from the normalised score when codebase size changes significantly between scans.

Severity Breakdown

Classifies detected patterns by their diagnostic confidence and structural impact. CRITICAL patterns (coefficient 10) represent definitive synthetic signatures — hallucinated imports, explicit LLM attribution metadata — virtually never produced by human authors. HIGH (5) indicates strong structural tells such as cross-file repetition or cross-linguistic idioms. MEDIUM (2) covers recognisable conversational padding and AI-specific vocabulary. LOW (1) captures subtle indicators like tautological comments and generic boilerplate that require density to carry independent signal.

CRITICAL 5HIGH 34MEDIUM 690LOW 2909

Directory Score Breakdown

This horizontal bar chart decomposes the repository's raw synthetic code score by top-level directory, allowing you to pinpoint precisely which modules or components carry the highest AI authorship density. Directories with disproportionately high scores relative to their size warrant targeted manual review: concentrated AI signatures often trace back to mass-generated configuration layers, auto-ported test suites, LLM-scaffolded boilerplate classes, or entire subsystems authored under heavy copilot assistance. Use this view to prioritise your human code-review effort.

Pattern Findings

The scanner identified 3638 distinct pattern matches across 20 syntactic categories. Each entry below represents a discrete location in the source code where the engine recorded a statistically significant AI authorship indicator. Expand any category row to inspect the individual file paths, line numbers, code snippets, and the lexical context (CODE, COMMENT, or STRING) in which each match was detected.

Reading the findings table: The Severity column indicates the diagnostic confidence level (CRITICAL / HIGH / MEDIUM / LOW). The Context column identifies whether the match occurred inside executable code, an inline comment, or a string literal — comment-context matches receive a ×1.5 weight because LLMs systematically over-annotate. The ⚡ bolt icon marks clustered matches: three or more patterns within a 10-line window, each receiving an additional ×1.5 density multiplier as dense clusters constitute far stronger evidence of synthetic authorship than isolated hits.

Decorative Section Separators583 hits · 1806 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
MEDIUMsite/figures-frontier.js159 // ── world-model-rollout: imagine future states with a learned model ────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/figures-frontier.js243 // ── pass-at-k: pass@k = 1 - (1-p)^k rises toward 1 as k grows ───────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/figures-frontier.js279 // ── eval-harness-matrix: tasks x variants grid, aggregate per variant ──────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/figures-frontier.js332 // ── canary-rollout: traffic split, error rate, rollback trigger ────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/figures-math2.js74 // ── tensor-broadcast: do two shapes align trailing dims? ──────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/figures-math2.js220 // ── monte-carlo-pi: fraction inside the quarter circle estimates pi ────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/figures-math2.js321 // ── random-walk-diffusion: spread of a 1D walk grows like sqrt(t) ──────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/figures-math2.js420 // ── graph-degree-distribution: degrees sum to twice the edge count ─────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/figures-nlp2.js23 // ── bow-tfidf: raw term frequency vs tf-idf = tf · log(N/df) ────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/figures-nlp2.js68 // ── rnn-unroll: h_t = tanh(W h_{t-1} + U x_t) as a chain of cells ───────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/figures-nlp2.js144 // ── seq2seq-alignment: encoder-decoder attention, rows sum to 1 ─────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/figures-nlp2.js245 // ── ngram-backoff: higher n captures more context but sparser counts ────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/figures-nlp2.js274 // ── ner-bio-tagging: BIO tags per token, drag which span is the entity ──────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/lesson-figures.js96 // ── kv-cache: drag the dims, watch the cache size ──────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/lesson-figures.js189 // ── softmax-temperature: divide the logits, reshape the distribution ───────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/lesson-figures.js258 // ── l2-regularization: raise lambda, watch every weight shrink ─────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/lesson-figures.js295 // ── lr-schedule: compare warmup, cosine, step, and exponential decay ───────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/lesson-figures.js388 // ── scaling-laws: Chinchilla loss and the 20-tokens-per-parameter rule ─────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/lesson-figures.js421 // ── quantization: bits per weight against model size and precision ─────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/lesson-figures.js459 // ── rope-explorer: rotary frequencies across position and dimension ────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/lesson-figures.js497 // ── lora-params: rank against trainable fraction of a weight matrix ────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/lesson-figures.js529 // ── precision-recall-threshold: slide the cutoff, watch P, R, F1 trade ─────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/lesson-figures.js569 // ── cross-entropy-loss: the price of being confident and wrong ─────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/lesson-figures.js599 // ── cosine-similarity: the angle is the similarity ─────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/lesson-figures.js626 // ── tokenizer-tradeoff: vocabulary size against tokens and table cost ──────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/lesson-figures.js655 // ── rag-chunking: chunk size and overlap against count and context ─────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/build.js30// ─── Parse ROADMAP.md for lesson statuses ────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/build.js63// ─── Parse README.md for phases and lessons ──────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/build.js233// ─── Extract lesson summary + keywords from docs/en.md ───────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/build.js271// ─── Parse glossary/terms.md ──────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/build.js312// ─── Discover outputs/ artifacts (skills / prompts / agents) ──────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/build.js400// ─── Main build ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/build.js488// ─── sitemap.xml from the same PHASES the site renders ───────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/build.js513// ─── llms.txt: a link-rich map of the curriculum for AI agents ───────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/build.js542// ─── Regenerate README stats block + lessons badge from source ───────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/cmdpalette.js17 // ── Constants ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/cmdpalette.js22 // ── Module state ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/cmdpalette.js28 // ── Search index ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/cmdpalette.js102 // ── Scoring ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/cmdpalette.js174 // ── Utilities ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/cmdpalette.js218 // ── Palette DOM (created lazily on first open) ────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/cmdpalette.js287 // ── Open / close ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/cmdpalette.js337 // ── Render results ───────────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/cmdpalette.js432 // ── Event handlers ───────────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/cmdpalette.js510 // ── Global keyboard shortcut (Cmd/Ctrl+K) ────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/cmdpalette.js524 // ── Init: wire trigger buttons + eagerly build index ─────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/cmdpalette.js545 // ── Public API ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/figures-vision-speech.js23 // ── convolution-kernel: slide a 3x3 kernel over a fixed 8x8 image ──────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/figures-vision-speech.js89 // ── pooling: 2x2 max or average pooling over a 4x4 grid, stride 2 ──────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/figures-vision-speech.js147 // ── receptive-field: how many input pixels one deep neuron sees ────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/figures-vision-speech.js175 // ── conv-output-size: floor((W - K + 2P)/S) + 1 with a strip diagram ───────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/figures-vision-speech.js223 // ── cnn-param-count: conv weight sharing vs a dense layer ──────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/figures-vision-speech.js293 // ── mel-scale: linear Hz against the mel curve ─────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/figures-dl.js10 // ── perceptron-boundary: drag the weights, move the decision line ──────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/figures-dl.js68 // ── mlp-forward: drag the inputs, watch a 2-3-1 net fire ───────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/figures-dl.js126 // ── backprop-vanishing: product of activation derivatives across depth ─────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/figures-dl.js301 // ── dropout-mask: drag p, drop a deterministic fraction of units ───────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/figures-dl.js340 // ── batchnorm-effect: shift the input, watch BN re-center it ───────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/figures-dl.js379 // ── learning-curves: capacity vs train/val loss, mark early stopping ───────COMMENT
MEDIUMsite/figures-dl.js417 // ── gradient-clipping: tame an exploding update by capping the norm ────────COMMENT
523 more matches not shown…
Structural Annotation Overuse1150 hits · 1796 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
LOW.claude/skills/check-understanding/SKILL.md54### Step 1: Resolve the PhaseCOMMENT
LOW.claude/skills/check-understanding/SKILL.md58### Step 2: Read the Phase ContentCOMMENT
LOW.claude/skills/check-understanding/SKILL.md64### Step 3: Generate 8 QuestionsCOMMENT
LOW.claude/skills/check-understanding/SKILL.md86### Step 4: Present Questions One at a TimeCOMMENT
LOW.claude/skills/check-understanding/SKILL.md103### Step 5: Track and ScoreCOMMENT
LOW.claude/skills/check-understanding/SKILL.md109### Step 6: Show ResultsCOMMENT
LOW.claude/skills/check-understanding/SKILL.md129### Step 7: Wrong Answer BreakdownCOMMENT
LOW.claude/skills/check-understanding/SKILL.md141### Step 8: What Next?COMMENT
LOW…/06-speech-and-audio/13-neural-audio-codecs/docs/en.md79### Step 1: encode with EnCodecCOMMENT
LOW…/06-speech-and-audio/13-neural-audio-codecs/docs/en.md97### Step 2: decode and measure reconstructionCOMMENT
LOW…/06-speech-and-audio/13-neural-audio-codecs/docs/en.md109### Step 3: the semantic-acoustic split (Mimi-style)COMMENT
LOW…/06-speech-and-audio/13-neural-audio-codecs/docs/en.md124### Step 4: why AR LM over codec tokens worksCOMMENT
LOW…/15-streaming-speech-to-speech-moshi-hibiki/docs/en.md77### Step 1: the interfaceCOMMENT
LOW…/15-streaming-speech-to-speech-moshi-hibiki/docs/en.md93### Step 2: the full-duplex loopCOMMENT
LOW…/15-streaming-speech-to-speech-moshi-hibiki/docs/en.md110### Step 3: the training objective (conceptual)COMMENT
LOW…/15-streaming-speech-to-speech-moshi-hibiki/docs/en.md119### Step 4: where Moshi wins and where it doesn'tCOMMENT
LOW…d-audio/06-speaker-recognition-verification/docs/en.md54### Step 1: toy embedding from MFCC statisticsCOMMENT
LOW…d-audio/06-speaker-recognition-verification/docs/en.md69### Step 2: cosine similarity + thresholdCOMMENT
LOW…d-audio/06-speaker-recognition-verification/docs/en.md82### Step 3: EER from similarity pairsCOMMENT
LOW…d-audio/06-speaker-recognition-verification/docs/en.md98### Step 4: production with SpeechBrainCOMMENT
LOW…d-audio/06-speaker-recognition-verification/docs/en.md112### Step 5: diarize with pyannoteCOMMENT
LOW…-speech-and-audio/04-speech-recognition-asr/docs/en.md53### Step 1: greedy CTC decodeCOMMENT
LOW…-speech-and-audio/04-speech-recognition-asr/docs/en.md70### Step 2: beam-search CTCCOMMENT
LOW…-speech-and-audio/04-speech-recognition-asr/docs/en.md90### Step 3: WERCOMMENT
LOW…-speech-and-audio/04-speech-recognition-asr/docs/en.md111### Step 4: inference against WhisperCOMMENT
LOW…-speech-and-audio/04-speech-recognition-asr/docs/en.md122### Step 5: streaming with Parakeet or wav2vec 2.0COMMENT
LOW…peech-and-audio/12-voice-assistant-pipeline/docs/en.md56### Step 1: mic capture with chunking (pseudocode)COMMENT
LOW…peech-and-audio/12-voice-assistant-pipeline/docs/en.md70### Step 2: VAD-gated turn captureCOMMENT
LOW…peech-and-audio/12-voice-assistant-pipeline/docs/en.md91### Step 3: streaming STT → LLM → TTSCOMMENT
LOW…peech-and-audio/12-voice-assistant-pipeline/docs/en.md101### Step 4: tool calling inside the LLM loopCOMMENT
LOW…peech-and-audio/12-voice-assistant-pipeline/docs/en.md117### Step 5: interruption handlingCOMMENT
LOW…06-speech-and-audio/03-audio-classification/docs/en.md54### Step 1: featurizeCOMMENT
LOW…06-speech-and-audio/03-audio-classification/docs/en.md65### Step 2: fixed-length summaryCOMMENT
LOW…06-speech-and-audio/03-audio-classification/docs/en.md79### Step 3: k-NNCOMMENT
LOW…06-speech-and-audio/03-audio-classification/docs/en.md94### Step 4: upgrade to CNN on log-melsCOMMENT
LOW…06-speech-and-audio/03-audio-classification/docs/en.md118### Step 5: the 2026 default — fine-tune BEATsCOMMENT
LOW…ses/06-speech-and-audio/09-music-generation/docs/en.md73### Step 1: generate with MusicGenCOMMENT
LOW…ses/06-speech-and-audio/09-music-generation/docs/en.md87### Step 2: melody conditioningCOMMENT
LOW…ses/06-speech-and-audio/09-music-generation/docs/en.md100### Step 3: FAD evaluationCOMMENT
LOW…ses/06-speech-and-audio/09-music-generation/docs/en.md111### Step 4: adding to the LLM-music workflowCOMMENT
LOW…peech-and-audio/08-voice-cloning-conversion/docs/en.md62### Step 1: decompose with recognition-synthesis (code-only demo in main.py)COMMENT
LOW…peech-and-audio/08-voice-cloning-conversion/docs/en.md73### Step 2: zero-shot clone with F5-TTSCOMMENT
LOW…peech-and-audio/08-voice-cloning-conversion/docs/en.md87### Step 3: voice conversion with KNN-VCCOMMENT
LOW…peech-and-audio/08-voice-cloning-conversion/docs/en.md98### Step 4: embed a watermarkCOMMENT
LOW…peech-and-audio/08-voice-cloning-conversion/docs/en.md110### Step 5: consent gateCOMMENT
LOW…6-speech-and-audio/10-audio-language-models/docs/en.md85### Step 1: query Qwen2.5-OmniCOMMENT
LOW…6-speech-and-audio/10-audio-language-models/docs/en.md106### Step 2: the projector patternCOMMENT
LOW…6-speech-and-audio/10-audio-language-models/docs/en.md124### Step 3: benchmarking MMAU / LongAudioBenchCOMMENT
LOW…s/06-speech-and-audio/01-audio-fundamentals/docs/en.md55### Step 1: read a clip and plot the waveformCOMMENT
LOW…s/06-speech-and-audio/01-audio-fundamentals/docs/en.md64### Step 2: synthesize a sine wave from first principlesCOMMENT
LOW…s/06-speech-and-audio/01-audio-fundamentals/docs/en.md76### Step 3: compute the DFT by handCOMMENT
LOW…s/06-speech-and-audio/01-audio-fundamentals/docs/en.md91### Step 4: find the dominant frequencyCOMMENT
LOW…s/06-speech-and-audio/01-audio-fundamentals/docs/en.md95### Step 5: demonstrate aliasingCOMMENT
LOW…d-audio/16-anti-spoofing-audio-watermarking/docs/en.md75### Step 1: a simple spectral-feature detector (toy)COMMENT
LOW…d-audio/16-anti-spoofing-audio-watermarking/docs/en.md98### Step 2: AudioSeal embed + detectCOMMENT
LOW…d-audio/16-anti-spoofing-audio-watermarking/docs/en.md117### Step 3: evaluation — EERCOMMENT
LOW…d-audio/16-anti-spoofing-audio-watermarking/docs/en.md131### Step 4: the production integrationCOMMENT
LOW…peech-and-audio/17-audio-evaluation-metrics/docs/en.md116### Step 1: WER with normalizationCOMMENT
LOW…peech-and-audio/17-audio-evaluation-metrics/docs/en.md131### Step 2: TTS round-trip WERCOMMENT
LOW…peech-and-audio/17-audio-evaluation-metrics/docs/en.md143### Step 3: SECS for voice cloningCOMMENT
1090 more matches not shown…
Hyper-Verbose Identifiers839 hits · 1022 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
LOWsite/lesson.html2635 function updateMermaidThemeAndRerender() {CODE
LOWsite/lesson.html2731 function getMermaidModalFocusables() {CODE
LOW…5-streaming-speech-to-speech-moshi-hibiki/code/main.py42def inner_monologue_next_token(text_so_far, user_mimi_stream):CODE
LOWphases/11-llm-engineering/07-advanced-rag/code/main.py202def create_parent_child_chunks(text, parent_size=200, child_size=50):CODE
LOWphases/11-llm-engineering/07-advanced-rag/code/main.py260def evaluate_retrieval_recall(queries_with_relevant, retrieval_fn, k=5):CODE
LOWphases/11-llm-engineering/07-advanced-rag/docs/en.md335def create_parent_child_chunks(text, parent_size=200, child_size=50):CODE
LOWphases/11-llm-engineering/07-advanced-rag/docs/en.md396def evaluate_retrieval_recall(queries_with_relevant, retrieval_fn, k=5):CODE
LOWphases/11-llm-engineering/07-advanced-rag/docs/en.md427def rerank_with_cross_encoder(query, candidates, chunks, top_k=5):CODE
LOW…gineering/09-function-calling/code/function_calling.py305def run_function_calling_loop(user_message, max_iterations=5):CODE
LOW…ases/11-llm-engineering/09-function-calling/docs/en.md403def run_function_calling_loop(user_message, max_iterations=5):CODE
LOW…1-llm-engineering/10-evaluation/code/eval_framework.py183def wilson_confidence_interval(successes, total, z=1.96):CODE
LOW…1-llm-engineering/10-evaluation/code/eval_framework.py195def bootstrap_confidence_interval(scores, n_bootstrap=1000, confidence=0.95):CODE
LOWphases/11-llm-engineering/10-evaluation/docs/en.md425def wilson_confidence_interval(successes, total, z=1.96):CODE
LOWphases/11-llm-engineering/10-evaluation/docs/en.md437def bootstrap_confidence_interval(scores, n_bootstrap=1000, confidence=0.95):CODE
LOW…/11-llm-engineering/03-structured-outputs/code/main.py157def demonstrate_constrained_decoding():CODE
LOW…/11-llm-engineering/03-structured-outputs/code/main.py224def run_schema_validation_demo():CODE
LOW…/11-llm-engineering/03-structured-outputs/code/main.py248def run_schema_generation_demo():CODE
LOW…/11-llm-engineering/03-structured-outputs/code/main.py287def run_constrained_decoding_demo():CODE
LOW…/11-llm-engineering/03-structured-outputs/code/main.py294def run_extraction_pipeline_demo():CODE
LOW…es/11-llm-engineering/03-structured-outputs/docs/en.md304def demonstrate_constrained_decoding():CODE
LOW…engineering/02-few-shot-cot/code/advanced_prompting.py140def build_zero_shot_cot_prompt(question):CODE
LOW…engineering/02-few-shot-cot/code/advanced_prompting.py213def generate_initial_thoughts(question, client, model, breadth=3):CODE
LOW…eep-learning-core/04-activation-functions/code/main.py81def vanishing_gradient_experiment(activation_fn, name, n_layers=10, n_inputs=5):CODE
LOW…-deep-learning-core/04-activation-functions/docs/en.md315def vanishing_gradient_experiment(activation_fn, name, n_layers=10, n_inputs=5):CODE
LOW…s/03-deep-learning-core/05-loss-functions/code/main.py50def categorical_cross_entropy(logits, target_index, eps=1e-15):CODE
LOW…ses/03-deep-learning-core/05-loss-functions/docs/en.md248def categorical_cross_entropy(logits, target_index, eps=1e-15):CODE
LOW…undations-to-advanced/18-multilingual-nlp/code/main.py29def simulate_transfer_accuracy(target, source):CODE
LOW…dations-to-advanced/02-bag-of-words-tfidf/code/main.py39def inverse_document_frequency(df, n_docs):CODE
LOW…undations-to-advanced/02-bag-of-words-tfidf/docs/en.md95def inverse_document_frequency(df, n_docs):CODE
LOW…nd-protocols/10-mcp-resources-and-prompts/code/main.py78def handle_resources_subscribe(params: dict) -> dict:CODE
LOW…nd-protocols/10-mcp-resources-and-prompts/code/main.py83def handle_resources_unsubscribe(params: dict) -> dict:CODE
LOW…gent-engineering/26-failure-modes-agentic/code/main.py37def detect_hallucinated_action(trace: Trace) -> str | None:CODE
LOW…gent-engineering/26-failure-modes-agentic/code/main.py98def detect_success_hallucination(trace: Trace) -> str | None:CODE
LOW…33-instructions-as-executable-constraints/code/main.py110 def opened_question_when_unsure(self, trace: TurnTrace) -> bool:STRING
LOW…tooling/12-debugging-and-profiling/code/debug_tools.py259def demo_conditional_breakpoint():CODE
LOW…and-tooling/05-jupyter-notebooks/code/notebook_tips.py84def magic_command_equivalents():CODE
LOW…ety-alignment/17-wmdp-dual-use-evaluation/code/main.py40def apply_rmu_style_unlearning(model_accuracy: dict,CODE
LOW…lignment/04-sycophancy-rlhf-amplification/code/main.py66def agreement_penalty_correction(r: dict[str, float], alpha: float) -> dict[str, float]:CODE
LOW…fety-alignment/02-reward-hacking-goodhart/code/main.py137def kl_constrained_policy_sweep(proxy: ProxyRM,CODE
LOW…/06-mesa-optimization-deceptive-alignment/code/main.py60def pseudo_no_awareness_policy(ex: Example, mesa_goal: int = 0) -> int:CODE
LOW…d-swarms/23-failure-modes-mast-groupthink/code/main.py141def demo_incident_categorization() -> None:CODE
LOW…lti-agent-and-swarms/02-fipa-acl-heritage/code/main.py71def mcp_resources_read_to_acl(req: dict) -> ACLMessage:CODE
LOW…/22-production-scaling-queues-checkpoints/code/main.py51def run_agent_with_checkpoint(store: CheckpointStore, thread_id: str,STRING
LOW…formers-deep-dive/03-multi-head-attention/code/main.py80def scaled_dot_product_attention(Q: Matrix, K: Matrix, V: Matrix):CODE
LOW…formers-deep-dive/16-speculative-decoding/code/main.py108def expected_tokens_per_verify(alpha, N):CODE
LOW…ransformers-deep-dive/05-full-transformer/code/main.py129def scaled_dot_product_attention(Q, K, V, causal=False):CODE
LOW…/02-self-attention-from-scratch/code/self_attention.py10def scaled_dot_product_attention(Q, K, V):CODE
LOW…rs-deep-dive/02-self-attention-from-scratch/docs/en.md195def scaled_dot_product_attention(Q, K, V):CODE
LOW…deep-dive/07-gpt-causal-language-modeling/code/main.py24def attention_scores_with_mask(raw_scores, mask):CODE
LOW…math-foundations/18-convex-optimization/code/convex.py267def demo_condition_number_effect():CODE
LOW…math-foundations/18-convex-optimization/code/convex.py306def demo_lagrange_multipliers():CODE
LOW…math-foundations/18-convex-optimization/code/convex.py380def demo_regularization_geometry():CODE
LOW…math-foundations/18-convex-optimization/code/convex.py443def demo_first_vs_second_order():CODE
LOW…math-foundations/18-convex-optimization/code/convex.py519def demo_convex_vs_nonconvex_landscape():CODE
LOW…ations/02-vectors-matrices-operations/code/matrices.py239def demo_neural_network_layer():CODE
LOW…ations/02-vectors-matrices-operations/code/matrices.py295def demo_weight_matrix_intuition():CODE
LOW…h-foundations/17-linear-systems/code/linear_systems.py139def demo_gaussian_elimination():CODE
LOW…h-foundations/17-linear-systems/code/linear_systems.py382def demo_linear_regression_full():CODE
LOW…ions/10-dimensionality-reduction/code/dim_reduction.py285def demo_reconstruction_error():CODE
LOW…-math-foundations/16-sampling-methods/code/sampling.py11def sample_exponential_inverse_cdf(lam):CODE
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Unused Imports619 hits · 611 pts
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LOWscripts/link_check.py29CODE
LOWscripts/build_catalog.py49CODE
LOWscripts/scaffold_workbench.py26CODE
LOWscripts/check_readme_counts.py27CODE
LOWscripts/audit_lessons.py12CODE
LOWscripts/install_skills.py27CODE
LOWscripts/lesson_run.py30CODE
LOWscripts/_lib.py9CODE
LOW…peech-and-audio/04-speech-recognition-asr/code/main.py9CODE
LOW…speech-and-audio/10-audio-language-models/code/main.py10CODE
LOW…-audio/05-whisper-architecture-finetuning/code/main.py9CODE
LOW…ses/06-speech-and-audio/07-text-to-speech/code/main.py10CODE
LOW…llm-engineering/14-model-context-protocol/code/main.py13CODE
LOW…ases/11-llm-engineering/15-prompt-caching/code/main.py14CODE
LOW…ases/11-llm-engineering/15-prompt-caching/code/main.py16CODE
LOW…m-engineering/16-langgraph-state-machines/code/main.py23CODE
LOW…1-llm-engineering/10-evaluation/code/eval_framework.py1CODE
LOW…1-llm-engineering/10-evaluation/code/eval_framework.py6CODE
LOW…-engineering/17-agent-framework-tradeoffs/code/main.py12CODE
LOW…-engineering/17-agent-framework-tradeoffs/code/main.py18CODE
LOW…11-llm-engineering/05-context-engineering/code/main.py2CODE
LOW…m-engineering/13-production-app/code/production_app.py3CODE
LOW…m-engineering/13-production-app/code/production_app.py13CODE
LOW…engineering/02-few-shot-cot/code/advanced_prompting.py1CODE
LOW…1-llm-engineering/11-caching-cost/code/caching_cost.py5CODE
LOW…1-llm-engineering/11-caching-cost/code/caching_cost.py5CODE
LOW…foundations-to-advanced/25-entity-linking/code/main.py2CODE
LOW…-to-advanced/27-llm-evaluation-frameworks/code/main.py2CODE
LOW…ns-to-advanced/17-chatbots-rule-to-neural/code/main.py2CODE
LOW…-and-protocols/23-capstone-tool-ecosystem/code/main.py16CODE
LOW…-and-protocols/23-capstone-tool-ecosystem/code/main.py22CODE
LOW…-and-protocols/23-capstone-tool-ecosystem/code/main.py22CODE
LOW…s-and-protocols/08-building-an-mcp-client/code/main.py11CODE
LOW…s-and-protocols/08-building-an-mcp-client/code/main.py13CODE
LOW…-tools-and-protocols/21-llm-routing-layer/code/main.py11CODE
LOW…-tools-and-protocols/21-llm-routing-layer/code/main.py13CODE
LOW…-tools-and-protocols/21-llm-routing-layer/code/main.py17CODE
LOW…ls-and-protocols/22-skills-and-agent-sdks/code/main.py12CODE
LOW…ls-and-protocols/22-skills-and-agent-sdks/code/main.py14CODE
LOW…tools-and-protocols/01-the-tool-interface/code/main.py17CODE
LOW…-tools-and-protocols/04-structured-output/code/main.py14CODE
LOW…-protocols/17-mcp-gateways-and-registries/code/main.py15CODE
LOW…-protocols/17-mcp-gateways-and-registries/code/main.py18CODE
LOW…-protocols/17-mcp-gateways-and-registries/code/main.py21CODE
LOW…d-protocols/02-function-calling-deep-dive/code/main.py10CODE
LOW…3-tools-and-protocols/06-mcp-fundamentals/code/main.py10CODE
LOW…cols/03-parallel-and-streaming-tool-calls/code/main.py13CODE
LOWphases/13-tools-and-protocols/14-mcp-apps/code/main.py13CODE
LOWphases/13-tools-and-protocols/14-mcp-apps/code/main.py16CODE
LOWphases/13-tools-and-protocols/14-mcp-apps/code/main.py17CODE
LOW…es/13-tools-and-protocols/19-a2a-protocol/code/main.py14CODE
LOW…-protocols/15-mcp-security-tool-poisoning/code/main.py13CODE
LOW…s-and-protocols/16-mcp-security-oauth-2-1/code/main.py14CODE
LOW…nd-protocols/10-mcp-resources-and-prompts/code/main.py14CODE
LOW…nd-protocols/10-mcp-resources-and-prompts/code/main.py17CODE
LOW…nd-protocols/10-mcp-resources-and-prompts/code/main.py17CODE
LOW…ools-and-protocols/20-opentelemetry-genai/code/main.py14CODE
LOW…ools-and-protocols/20-opentelemetry-genai/code/main.py22CODE
LOW…13-tools-and-protocols/13-mcp-async-tasks/code/main.py16CODE
LOW…13-tools-and-protocols/13-mcp-async-tasks/code/main.py19CODE
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Modern AI Meta-Vocabulary96 hits · 276 pts
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MEDIUMsite/data.js2056 "url": "https://github.com/rohitg00/ai-engineering-from-scratch/tree/main/phases/11-llm-engineering/12-guardrailCODE
MEDIUMsite/data.js2791 "url": "https://github.com/rohitg00/ai-engineering-from-scratch/tree/main/phases/14-agent-engineering/26-failureCODE
MEDIUMglossary/myths.md69## "Bigger context window = better"COMMENT
MEDIUMglossary/terms.md282### RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation)COMMENT
MEDIUM…peech-and-audio/08-voice-cloning-conversion/docs/en.md73### Step 2: zero-shot clone with F5-TTSCOMMENT
MEDIUMphases/11-llm-engineering/07-advanced-rag/docs/en.md1# Advanced RAG (Chunking, Reranking, Hybrid Search)COMMENT
MEDIUMphases/11-llm-engineering/07-advanced-rag/docs/en.md530- [Asai et al., "Self-RAG: Learning to Retrieve, Generate, and Critique through Self-Reflection" (ICLR 2024)](https://arCODE
MEDIUM…ineering/07-advanced-rag/outputs/skill-advanced-rag.md10# Advanced RAG PatternCOMMENT
MEDIUM…ineering/07-advanced-rag/outputs/skill-advanced-rag.md21## When to upgrade from basic RAGCOMMENT
MEDIUMphases/11-llm-engineering/06-rag/docs/en.md1# RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation)COMMENT
MEDIUMphases/11-llm-engineering/06-rag/docs/en.md28### The RAG PatternCOMMENT
MEDIUMphases/11-llm-engineering/06-rag/docs/en.md58### Why RAG Beats Fine-TuningCOMMENT
MEDIUMphases/11-llm-engineering/06-rag/docs/en.md277### Step 5: The Complete RAG PipelineCOMMENT
MEDIUM…1-llm-engineering/06-rag/outputs/skill-rag-pipeline.md10# RAG Pipeline PatternCOMMENT
MEDIUM…1-llm-engineering/06-rag/outputs/skill-rag-pipeline.md21## When to use RAGCOMMENT
MEDIUM…1-llm-engineering/06-rag/outputs/skill-rag-pipeline.md28## When NOT to use RAGCOMMENT
MEDIUM…s/11-llm-engineering/05-context-engineering/docs/en.md544### RAG as Context EngineeringCOMMENT
MEDIUMphases/11-llm-engineering/12-guardrails/code/main.ts3// code/guardrails.py and the OWASP LLM defense-in-depth pattern.COMMENT
MEDIUMphases/11-llm-engineering/12-guardrails/code/main.ts6// https://github.com/presidio-oss/hai-guardrailsCOMMENT
MEDIUMphases/11-llm-engineering/12-guardrails/docs/en.md836# Install: pip install guardrails-aiCOMMENT
MEDIUMphases/11-llm-engineering/12-guardrails/docs/en.md838# import guardrails as gdCOMMENT
MEDIUMphases/11-llm-engineering/12-guardrails/docs/en.md839# from guardrails.hub import DetectPII, ToxicLanguage, CompetitorCheckCOMMENT
MEDIUMphases/11-llm-engineering/12-guardrails/docs/en.md856Guardrails AI has 50+ validators on their hub. Install validators individually: `guardrails hub install hub://guardrailsCODE
MEDIUMphases/11-llm-engineering/12-guardrails/docs/en.md896- [NeMo Guardrails Documentation](https://docs.nvidia.com/nemo/guardrails/) -- NVIDIA's guide to implementing programmabCODE
MEDIUM…ring/12-guardrails/outputs/skill-guardrail-patterns.md14## When to add guardrailsCOMMENT
MEDIUMphases/11-llm-engineering/13-production-app/docs/en.md1147- [Eugene Yan, "Patterns for Building LLM-based Systems"](https://eugeneyan.com/writing/llm-patterns/) -- architectural CODE
MEDIUM…ions-to-advanced/23-chunking-strategies-rag/docs/en.md1# Chunking Strategies for RAGCOMMENT
MEDIUM…undations-to-advanced/13-question-answering/docs/en.md57### Step 2: a retrieval-augmented pipeline (sketch)COMMENT
MEDIUM…undations-to-advanced/13-question-answering/docs/en.md92### Step 3: generative with RAGCOMMENT
MEDIUM…foundations-to-advanced/18-multilingual-nlp/docs/en.md54### Step 1: zero-shot cross-lingual classificationCOMMENT
MEDIUM…foundations-to-advanced/18-multilingual-nlp/docs/en.md107### Step 3: few-shot fine-tuning strategyCOMMENT
MEDIUM…to-advanced/14-information-retrieval-search/docs/en.md170### The hard-won lessons from 2026 production RAGCOMMENT
MEDIUM…tions-to-advanced/21-nli-textual-entailment/docs/en.md72### Step 2: zero-shot classificationCOMMENT
MEDIUM…tions-to-advanced/21-nli-textual-entailment/docs/en.md88### Step 3: faithfulness check for RAGCOMMENT
MEDIUM…13-tools-and-protocols/21-llm-routing-layer/docs/en.md148- [Portkey — docs](https://portkey.ai/docs) — production routing with guardrailsCODE
MEDIUM…nd-protocols/17-mcp-gateways-and-registries/docs/en.md141- [agentic-community — MCP gateway registry](https://github.com/agentic-community/mcp-gateway-registry) — open-source reCODE
MEDIUM…nforcement-learning/11-sim-to-real-transfer/docs/en.md68### Step 3: evaluate zero-shot on "real" slipsCOMMENT
MEDIUM…09-reinforcement-learning/10-multi-agent-rl/docs/en.md54### Step 1: the multi-agent envCOMMENT
MEDIUM…agent-engineering/23-otel-genai-conventions/docs/en.md127- [AutoGen v0.4 (Microsoft Research)](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/articles/autogen-v0-4-reimagining-the-fouCODE
MEDIUM…agent-engineering/37-runtime-feedback-loops/docs/en.md121- [Guardrails AI x MLflow — deterministic safety, PII, quality validators](https://guardrailsai.com/blog/guardrails-mlflCODE
MEDIUM…agent-engineering/37-runtime-feedback-loops/docs/en.md122- [Aport.io, Best AI Agent Guardrails 2026: Pre-Action Authorization Compared](https://aport.io/blog/best-ai-agent-guardCODE
MEDIUM…agent-engineering/37-runtime-feedback-loops/docs/en.md123- [Andrii Furmanets, AI Agents in 2026: Practical Architecture for Tools, Memory, Evals, Guardrails](https://andriifurmaCODE
MEDIUM…14-agent-engineering/29-production-runtimes/docs/en.md139- [AutoGen v0.4 (Microsoft Research)](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/articles/autogen-v0-4-reimagining-the-fouCODE
MEDIUM…nt-engineering/13-langgraph-stateful-graphs/docs/en.md120- [AutoGen v0.4, Microsoft Research](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/articles/autogen-v0-4-reimagining-the-founCODE
MEDIUM…ses/14-agent-engineering/36-scope-contracts/docs/en.md158- [logi-cmd/agent-guardrails — merge gates and scope validation](https://github.com/logi-cmd/agent-guardrails) — violatiCODE
MEDIUM…ses/14-agent-engineering/36-scope-contracts/docs/en.md160- [Agentic Coding Is Not a Trap (production logs)](https://dev.to/jtorchia/agentic-coding-is-not-a-trap-i-answered-the-vCODE
MEDIUM…ineering/31-agent-workbench-why-models-fail/docs/en.md209- [Jaymin West, Agentic Engineering — Chapter 6: Harnesses](https://www.jayminwest.com/agentic-engineering-book/6-harnesCODE
MEDIUM…agent-engineering/05-self-refine-and-critic/docs/en.md76### OpenAI Agents SDK output guardrailsCOMMENT
MEDIUM…agent-engineering/05-self-refine-and-critic/docs/en.md140- [OpenAI Agents SDK docs](https://openai.github.io/openai-agents-python/) — output guardrails as CRITIC-shaped verifierCODE
MEDIUM…s/14-agent-engineering/16-openai-agents-sdk/docs/en.md121- [OpenAI Agents SDK docs](https://openai.github.io/openai-agents-python/) — primitives, handoffs, guardrails, tracingCODE
MEDIUM…agent-engineering/35-initialization-scripts/docs/en.md121- [microservices.io, GenAI dev platform: guardrails](https://microservices.io/post/architecture/2026/03/09/genai-developCODE
MEDIUM…g/33-instructions-as-executable-constraints/docs/en.md55### Rules versus framework guardrailsCOMMENT
MEDIUM…g/33-instructions-as-executable-constraints/docs/en.md143- [OpenAI Agents SDK guardrails](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/agents-sdk/guardrails)CODE
MEDIUM…g/33-instructions-as-executable-constraints/docs/en.md148- [microservices.io, GenAI development platform — part 1: guardrails](https://microservices.io/post/architecture/2026/03CODE
MEDIUM…g/33-instructions-as-executable-constraints/docs/en.md150- [logi-cmd/agent-guardrails](https://github.com/logi-cmd/agent-guardrails) — merge-gate implementation: scope, mutationCODE
MEDIUM…ngineering/24-agent-observability-platforms/docs/en.md118- [Comet Opik](https://www.comet.com/site/products/opik/) — optimization + guardrailsCODE
MEDIUM…/14-agent-engineering/38-verification-gates/docs/en.md133- [OpenAI Agents SDK guardrails](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/agents-sdk/guardrails)CODE
MEDIUM…/14-agent-engineering/38-verification-gates/docs/en.md134- [microservices.io, GenAI dev platform: guardrails](https://microservices.io/post/architecture/2026/03/09/genai-developCODE
MEDIUM…/14-agent-engineering/38-verification-gates/docs/en.md135- [ICMD, The 2026 Playbook for Agentic AI Ops](https://icmd.app/article/the-2026-playbook-for-agentic-ai-ops-guardrails-CODE
MEDIUM…/14-agent-engineering/38-verification-gates/docs/en.md137- [logi-cmd/agent-guardrails — merge gate spec](https://github.com/logi-cmd/agent-guardrails) — scope + mutation-testingCODE
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Deep Nesting156 hits · 156 pts
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LOWscripts/link_check.py115CODE
LOWscripts/link_check.py278CODE
LOWscripts/install_skills.py74CODE
LOWscripts/install_skills.py91CODE
LOW…audio/06-speaker-recognition-verification/code/main.py135CODE
LOW…peech-and-audio/04-speech-recognition-asr/code/main.py27CODE
LOW…ech-and-audio/12-voice-assistant-pipeline/code/main.py69CODE
LOW…ses/06-speech-and-audio/07-text-to-speech/code/main.py53CODE
LOW…ch-and-audio/02-spectrograms-mel-features/code/main.py85CODE
LOW…llm-engineering/14-model-context-protocol/code/main.py79CODE
LOW…m-engineering/16-langgraph-state-machines/code/main.py116CODE
LOW…gineering/09-function-calling/code/function_calling.py199CODE
LOW…es/11-llm-engineering/08-fine-tuning-lora/code/lora.py35CODE
LOW…1-llm-engineering/10-evaluation/code/eval_framework.py300CODE
LOW…/11-llm-engineering/03-structured-outputs/code/main.py10CODE
LOW…/11-llm-engineering/03-structured-outputs/code/main.py121CODE
LOW…es/11-llm-engineering/04-embeddings/code/embeddings.py109CODE
LOW…m-engineering/13-production-app/code/production_app.py359CODE
LOW…ering/01-prompt-engineering/code/prompt_engineering.py321CODE
LOW…13-debugging-neural-networks/code/debug_neural_nets.py140CODE
LOW…s/03-deep-learning-core/10-mini-framework/code/main.py373CODE
LOW…eep-learning-core/01-the-perceptron/code/perceptron.py12CODE
LOW…eep-learning-core/01-the-perceptron/code/perceptron.py132CODE
LOW…-learning-core/09-learning-rate-schedules/code/main.py76CODE
LOW…-learning-core/09-learning-rate-schedules/code/main.py148CODE
LOW…/03-deep-learning-core/03-backpropagation/code/main.py188CODE
LOW…ep-learning-core/08-weight-initialization/code/main.py64CODE
LOW…ep-learning-core/08-weight-initialization/code/main.py126CODE
LOW…ep-learning-core/08-weight-initialization/code/main.py157CODE
LOW…ep-learning-core/08-weight-initialization/code/main.py166CODE
LOW…ns-to-advanced/23-chunking-strategies-rag/code/main.py36CODE
LOW…ations-to-advanced/07-pos-tagging-parsing/code/main.py52CODE
LOW…s-to-advanced/03-word-embeddings-word2vec/code/main.py22CODE
LOW…s-to-advanced/06-named-entity-recognition/code/main.py6CODE
LOW…s-to-advanced/06-named-entity-recognition/code/main.py20CODE
LOW…s-to-advanced/06-named-entity-recognition/code/main.py43CODE
LOW…dations-to-advanced/12-text-summarization/code/main.py20CODE
LOW…foundations-to-advanced/15-topic-modeling/code/main.py13CODE
LOW…ons-to-advanced/04-glove-fasttext-subword/code/main.py13CODE
LOW…ons-to-advanced/24-coreference-resolution/code/main.py27CODE
LOW…-advanced/14-information-retrieval-search/code/main.py58CODE
LOW…s-and-protocols/08-building-an-mcp-client/code/main.py109CODE
LOW…-tools-and-protocols/04-structured-output/code/main.py60CODE
LOW…-tools-and-protocols/04-structured-output/code/main.py176CODE
LOW…-protocols/15-mcp-security-tool-poisoning/code/main.py71CODE
LOW…orcement-learning/07-actor-critic-a2c-a3c/code/main.py104CODE
LOW…orcement-learning/07-actor-critic-a2c-a3c/code/main.py149CODE
LOW…einforcement-learning/04-q-learning-sarsa/code/main.py80CODE
LOWphases/09-reinforcement-learning/08-ppo/code/main.py112CODE
LOWphases/09-reinforcement-learning/08-ppo/code/main.py173CODE
LOW…nt-learning/06-policy-gradients-reinforce/code/main.py84CODE
LOW…nt-learning/06-policy-gradients-reinforce/code/main.py115CODE
LOW…s/14-agent-engineering/36-scope-contracts/code/main.py114CODE
LOW…gent-engineering/26-failure-modes-agentic/code/main.py69CODE
LOW…gent-engineering/04-tree-of-thoughts-lats/code/main.py76CODE
LOW…es/14-agent-engineering/01-the-agent-loop/code/main.py124CODE
LOW…tooling/12-debugging-and-profiling/code/debug_tools.py64CODE
LOW…ases/08-generative-ai/10-video-generation/code/main.py109CODE
LOW…enerative-ai/19-visual-autoregressive-var/code/main.py40CODE
LOW…rative-ai/03-gans-generator-discriminator/code/main.py70CODE
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Cross-Language Confusion14 hits · 82 pts
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HIGH…ering/01-prompt-engineering/code/prompt_engineering.py418 'Output: {"sentiment": "negative", "food": null, "service": "negative"}'CODE
HIGHphases/13-tools-and-protocols/14-mcp-apps/code/main.py71 if (e.data && e.data.id === id) {{CODE
HIGH…formers-deep-dive/16-speculative-decoding/code/main.py136 print("=== acceptance rate vs KL(q || p) ===")CODE
HIGH…h-foundations/14-norms-and-distances/code/distances.py375 print(f" KL(P || Q) = {kl_pq:.4f} nats")CODE
HIGH…h-foundations/14-norms-and-distances/code/distances.py376 print(f" KL(Q || P) = {kl_qp:.4f} nats")CODE
HIGH…h-foundations/14-norms-and-distances/code/distances.py386 print(f" KL(P || Q) = {kl_divergence(p2, q2):.4f} nats")CODE
HIGH…h-foundations/14-norms-and-distances/code/distances.py387 print(f" KL(Q || P) = {kl_divergence(q2, p2):.4f} nats")CODE
HIGH…tions/09-information-theory/code/information_theory.py225 print(f" KL(true || good): {kl_good:.4f} bits")CODE
HIGH…tions/09-information-theory/code/information_theory.py226 print(f" KL(true || bad): {kl_bad:.4f} bits")CODE
HIGH…tions/09-information-theory/code/information_theory.py240 print(f" KL(P || Q) = {kl_divergence(p, q):.4f} bits")CODE
HIGH…tions/09-information-theory/code/information_theory.py241 print(f" KL(Q || P) = {kl_divergence(q, p):.4f} bits")CODE
HIGH…one-projects/05-autonomous-research-agent/code/main.py136 tree.push(root)CODE
HIGH…one-projects/05-autonomous-research-agent/code/main.py160 tree.push(ch)CODE
HIGH…s-systems/10-claude-code-permission-modes/code/main.py161 Action("shell", "git add /tmp/secrets.txt && git push"),CODE
Cross-File Repetition15 hits · 75 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
HIGHphases/11-llm-engineering/07-advanced-rag/code/main.py0acme corp refund policy. all standard plan customers are eligible for a full refund within 30 days of purchase. enterpriSTRING
HIGHphases/11-llm-engineering/06-rag/code/main.py0acme corp refund policy. all standard plan customers are eligible for a full refund within 30 days of purchase. enterpriSTRING
HIGH…es/11-llm-engineering/04-embeddings/code/embeddings.py0acme corp refund policy. all standard plan customers are eligible for a full refund within 30 days of purchase. enterpriSTRING
HIGHphases/11-llm-engineering/07-advanced-rag/code/main.py0acme corp product overview. acme corp offers three product tiers: starter, professional, and enterprise. the starter plaSTRING
HIGHphases/11-llm-engineering/06-rag/code/main.py0acme corp product overview. acme corp offers three product tiers: starter, professional, and enterprise. the starter plaSTRING
HIGH…es/11-llm-engineering/04-embeddings/code/embeddings.py0acme corp product overview. acme corp offers three product tiers: starter, professional, and enterprise. the starter plaSTRING
HIGHphases/11-llm-engineering/07-advanced-rag/code/main.py0acme corp security practices. acme corp maintains soc 2 type ii compliance and undergoes annual third-party security audSTRING
HIGHphases/11-llm-engineering/06-rag/code/main.py0acme corp security practices. acme corp maintains soc 2 type ii compliance and undergoes annual third-party security audSTRING
HIGH…es/11-llm-engineering/04-embeddings/code/embeddings.py0acme corp security practices. acme corp maintains soc 2 type ii compliance and undergoes annual third-party security audSTRING
HIGHphases/11-llm-engineering/07-advanced-rag/code/main.py0acme corp api documentation. the acme api uses rest with json request and response bodies. authentication is via bearer STRING
HIGHphases/11-llm-engineering/06-rag/code/main.py0acme corp api documentation. the acme api uses rest with json request and response bodies. authentication is via bearer STRING
HIGH…es/11-llm-engineering/04-embeddings/code/embeddings.py0acme corp api documentation. the acme api uses rest with json request and response bodies. authentication is via bearer STRING
HIGHphases/11-llm-engineering/07-advanced-rag/code/main.py0acme corp uptime and reliability. acme corp guarantees 99.9% uptime for professional plans and 99.99% uptime for enterprSTRING
HIGHphases/11-llm-engineering/06-rag/code/main.py0acme corp uptime and reliability. acme corp guarantees 99.9% uptime for professional plans and 99.99% uptime for enterprSTRING
HIGH…es/11-llm-engineering/04-embeddings/code/embeddings.py0acme corp uptime and reliability. acme corp guarantees 99.9% uptime for professional plans and 99.99% uptime for enterprSTRING
Excessive Try-Catch Wrapping65 hits · 70 pts
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LOWscripts/link_check.py258 except Exception as exc:CODE
LOWscripts/link_check.py343 except Exception as exc:CODE
LOW…m-engineering/16-langgraph-state-machines/code/main.py56 except Exception as exc:CODE
LOW…gineering/09-function-calling/code/function_calling.py30 except Exception as e:CODE
LOW…gineering/09-function-calling/code/function_calling.py128 except Exception as e:CODE
LOW…ases/11-llm-engineering/09-function-calling/docs/en.md216 except Exception as e:CODE
LOW…ases/11-llm-engineering/09-function-calling/docs/en.md298 except Exception as e:CODE
LOW…engineering/02-few-shot-cot/code/advanced_prompting.py326 except Exception as e:CODE
LOW…13-tools-and-protocols/13-mcp-async-tasks/code/main.py100 except Exception as e:CODE
LOW…/13-tools-and-protocols/09-mcp-transports/code/main.py156 except Exception:CODE
LOW…s-and-protocols/07-building-an-mcp-server/code/main.py151 except Exception as e:CODE
LOW…s-and-protocols/07-building-an-mcp-server/code/main.py218 except Exception as e:CODE
LOW…ools-and-protocols/18-mcp-auth-production/code/main.py233 except Exception:CODE
LOW…ent-engineering/02-rewoo-plan-and-execute/code/main.py43 except Exception as e:CODE
LOW…t-engineering/42-agent-workbench-capstone/code/main.py547 except Exception as exc:CODE
LOW…tputs/agent-workbench-pack/scripts/generate_handoff.py112 except Exception as exc:CODE
LOW…nt-engineering/10-skill-libraries-voyager/code/main.py100 except Exception as e:CODE
LOW…/14-agent-engineering/17-claude-agent-sdk/code/main.py100 except Exception as e:CODE
LOW…gent-engineering/34-repo-memory-and-state/code/main.py108 except Exception:CODE
LOW…ineering/06-tool-use-and-function-calling/code/main.py134 except Exception as e:CODE
LOW…-agent-engineering/14-autogen-actor-model/code/main.py67 except Exception as e:CODE
LOW…es/14-agent-engineering/01-the-agent-loop/code/main.py52 except Exception as e:CODE
LOW…es/14-agent-engineering/01-the-agent-loop/code/main.py62 except Exception as e:CODE
LOW…ineering/07-memory-virtual-context-memgpt/code/main.py136 except Exception as e:CODE
LOW…00-setup-and-tooling/01-dev-environment/code/verify.py38 except Exception:CODE
MEDIUM…00-setup-and-tooling/01-dev-environment/code/verify.py25def run_check(name, check_fn, detail_fn=None):CODE
LOW…i-agent-and-swarms/08-role-specialization/code/main.py75 except Exception as e:CODE
LOW…i-agent-and-swarms/08-role-specialization/code/main.py84 except Exception as e:CODE
MEDIUM…gent-and-swarms/07-society-of-mind-debate/code/main.py94 print(f"Error vs truth: {abs(control_mean - TRUE_ANSWER):.2f}")CODE
LOW…tch/09-constitutional-ai-self-improvement/code/main.py80 except Exception:CODE
LOW…tch/09-constitutional-ai-self-improvement/code/main.py137 except Exception:CODE
LOW…ratch/09-constitutional-ai-self-improvement/docs/en.md216 except Exception:CODE
LOW…ojects/60-projection-layer-modality-align/code/main.py36 except Exception:CODE
LOW…projects/15-constitutional-safety-harness/code/main.py33 except Exception:CODE
LOW…tone-projects/13-mcp-server-with-registry/code/main.py140 except Exception as exc:CODE
LOW…stone-projects/42-large-corpus-downloader/code/main.py355 except Exception:CODE
LOW…apstone-projects/43-hdf5-tokenized-corpus/code/main.py273 except Exception:CODE
LOW…apstone-projects/43-hdf5-tokenized-corpus/code/main.py277 except Exception:CODE
LOW…apstone-projects/43-hdf5-tokenized-corpus/code/main.py292 except Exception:CODE
MEDIUM…apstone-projects/43-hdf5-tokenized-corpus/code/main.py140def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc, tb) -> None:CODE
LOW…one-projects/24-plan-execute-control-flow/code/main.py156 except Exception as exc:CODE
LOW…-capstone-projects/56-iteration-scheduler/code/main.py202 except Exception as exc:CODE
LOW…-capstone-projects/56-iteration-scheduler/code/main.py264 except Exception:CODE
LOW…tone-projects/23-function-call-dispatcher/code/main.py190 except Exception as exc:CODE
LOW…tone-projects/23-function-call-dispatcher/code/main.py240 except Exception as exc:CODE
LOW…s/19-capstone-projects/49-lm-eval-harness/code/main.py96 except Exception:CODE
LOW…s/19-capstone-projects/49-lm-eval-harness/code/main.py225 except Exception:CODE
LOW…s/19-capstone-projects/49-lm-eval-harness/code/main.py237 except Exception:CODE
LOW…stone-projects/22-jsonrpc-stdio-transport/code/main.py150 except Exception as exc:CODE
LOW…capstone-projects/48-distributed-fsdp-ddp/code/main.py278 except Exception as exc:CODE
LOW…capstone-projects/48-distributed-fsdp-ddp/code/main.py338 except Exception:CODE
LOW…-projects/81-end-to-end-distributed-train/code/main.py387 except Exception:CODE
LOW…-projects/01-terminal-native-coding-agent/code/main.py214 except Exception as exc:CODE
LOW…one-projects/83-prompt-injection-detector/code/main.py87 except Exception:CODE
LOW…one-projects/83-prompt-injection-detector/code/main.py102 except Exception:CODE
LOW…/19-capstone-projects/72-code-exec-metric/code/main.py99except Exception as exc:CODE
LOW…/19-capstone-projects/72-code-exec-metric/code/main.py107except Exception as exc:CODE
LOW…/19-capstone-projects/72-code-exec-metric/code/main.py117 except Exception as exc:CODE
LOW…/19-capstone-projects/72-code-exec-metric/code/main.py162 except Exception as exc:STRING
LOW…/19-capstone-projects/72-code-exec-metric/code/main.py213 except Exception:STRING
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Hallucination Indicators5 hits · 60 pts
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CRITICAL…s/19-capstone-projects/59-vit-transformer/code/main.py226 grad_norm = enc2.front.patch.proj.weight.grad.norm().item()CODE
CRITICAL…9-capstone-projects/36-training-loop-eval/code/main.py159 block.attn.out_proj.weight.data.mul_(scale)CODE
CRITICAL…9-capstone-projects/36-training-loop-eval/code/main.py160 block.mlp.fc2.weight.data.mul_(scale)CODE
CRITICAL…9-capstone-projects/35-gpt-model-assembly/code/main.py156 block.attn.out_proj.weight.data.mul_(scale)CODE
CRITICAL…9-capstone-projects/35-gpt-model-assembly/code/main.py157 block.mlp.fc2.weight.data.mul_(scale)CODE
Over-Commented Block48 hits · 48 pts
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LOW…ases/11-llm-engineering/09-function-calling/docs/en.md561COMMENT
LOW…ases/11-llm-engineering/09-function-calling/docs/en.md581# }]COMMENT
LOW…ases/11-llm-engineering/09-function-calling/docs/en.md601# )COMMENT
LOW…ases/11-llm-engineering/09-function-calling/docs/en.md621# "type": "object",COMMENT
LOW…ases/11-llm-engineering/09-function-calling/docs/en.md641# {"role": "assistant", "content": response.content},COMMENT
LOW…ases/11-llm-engineering/09-function-calling/docs/en.md661# command="npx",COMMENT
LOWphases/11-llm-engineering/10-evaluation/docs/en.md741#COMMENT
LOWphases/11-llm-engineering/10-evaluation/docs/en.md761COMMENT
LOWphases/11-llm-engineering/10-evaluation/docs/en.md781# evaluate([test_case], [relevancy, faithfulness])COMMENT
LOWphases/11-llm-engineering/10-evaluation/docs/en.md801# steps:COMMENT
LOWphases/11-llm-engineering/12-guardrails/docs/en.md761# model="omni-moderation-latest",COMMENT
LOWphases/11-llm-engineering/12-guardrails/docs/en.md781# from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLMCOMMENT
LOWphases/11-llm-engineering/12-guardrails/docs/en.md801# NeMo Guardrails uses Colang -- a DSL for defining conversational rails.COMMENT
LOWphases/11-llm-engineering/12-guardrails/docs/en.md821# user ask about bankingCOMMENT
LOWphases/11-llm-engineering/12-guardrails/docs/en.md841# guard = gd.Guard().use_many(COMMENT
LOW…es/11-llm-engineering/03-structured-outputs/docs/en.md421COMMENT
LOW…es/11-llm-engineering/03-structured-outputs/docs/en.md441# {"role": "user", "content": "Sony WH-1000XM5, $348, in stock"},COMMENT
LOW…es/11-llm-engineering/03-structured-outputs/docs/en.md461# max_tokens=1024,COMMENT
LOW…es/11-llm-engineering/03-structured-outputs/docs/en.md481### Instructor LibraryCOMMENT
LOWphases/11-llm-engineering/13-production-app/docs/en.md1001## Use ItCOMMENT
LOWphases/11-llm-engineering/13-production-app/docs/en.md1021# user_id: strCOMMENT
LOWphases/11-llm-engineering/13-production-app/docs/en.md1041#COMMENT
LOWphases/11-llm-engineering/13-production-app/docs/en.md1061Replace the simulated LLM calls with actual provider SDKs.COMMENT
LOWphases/11-llm-engineering/13-production-app/docs/en.md1081# async def call_anthropic(prompt, model="claude-sonnet-4-20250514"):COMMENT
LOW…es/11-llm-engineering/01-prompt-engineering/docs/en.md881# client = OpenAI()COMMENT
LOW…es/11-llm-engineering/01-prompt-engineering/docs/en.md901OpenAI's system message is processed first and given high attention weight. Temperature=0.0 makes the output deterministCOMMENT
LOW…es/11-llm-engineering/01-prompt-engineering/docs/en.md921# "role": "assistant",COMMENT
LOW…es/11-llm-engineering/01-prompt-engineering/docs/en.md941# "gemini-1.5-pro",COMMENT
LOW…es/11-llm-engineering/01-prompt-engineering/docs/en.md961#COMMENT
LOWphases/11-llm-engineering/11-caching-cost/docs/en.md761# model="claude-sonnet-4-20250514",COMMENT
LOWphases/11-llm-engineering/11-caching-cost/docs/en.md781COMMENT
LOWphases/11-llm-engineering/11-caching-cost/docs/en.md801COMMENT
LOWphases/11-llm-engineering/11-caching-cost/docs/en.md821#COMMENT
LOWphases/11-llm-engineering/11-caching-cost/docs/en.md841# client = OpenAI()COMMENT
LOW…tools-and-protocols/01-the-tool-interface/code/main.ts1// Phase 13 Lesson 01 — the tool interface, in TypeScript.COMMENT
LOW…es/13-tools-and-protocols/19-a2a-protocol/code/main.ts1// Phase 13 Lesson 19 — A2A agent-to-agent protocol, in TypeScript.COMMENT
LOW…s-and-protocols/07-building-an-mcp-server/code/main.ts1// Phase 13 Lesson 07 — toy MCP server, in TypeScript, stdlib only.COMMENT
LOW…-engineering/13-langgraph-stateful-graphs/code/main.ts1// Phase 14 Lesson 13 — LangGraph-shaped stateful graph, in TypeScript.COMMENT
LOW…ineering/06-tool-use-and-function-calling/code/main.ts1// Phase 14 Lesson 06 — tool use and function calling, in TypeScript.COMMENT
LOW…es/14-agent-engineering/01-the-agent-loop/code/main.ts1// Phase 14 Lesson 01 — toy ReAct agent loop, in TypeScript.COMMENT
LOW…/00-setup-and-tooling/10-terminal-and-shell/docs/en.md241# Port forward (access remote Jupyter/TensorBoard locally)COMMENT
LOWphases/10-llms-from-scratch/11-quantization/docs/en.md781# from transformers import AutoTokenizerCOMMENT
LOWphases/10-llms-from-scratch/11-quantization/docs/en.md801# pip install autoawqCOMMENT
LOWphases/10-llms-from-scratch/10-evaluation/docs/en.md421The standard tool for running benchmarks on any model.COMMENT
LOW…jects/03-realtime-voice-assistant/code/ts/src/index.ts1// Capstone 19/03: realtime voice web client (multi-file TypeScript).COMMENT
LOW…s/01-terminal-native-coding-agent/code/ts/src/index.ts1// Capstone 19/01: terminal-native coding agent harness (multi-file TypeScript).COMMENT
LOW…one-projects/02-rag-over-codebase/code/ts/src/index.ts1// Capstone 19/02: code RAG query API (multi-file TypeScript).COMMENT
LOW…utonomous-systems/16-checkpoints-rollback/code/main.py101COMMENT
Synthetic Comment Markers4 hits · 20 pts
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HIGH…llms-from-scratch/06-instruction-tuning-sft/docs/en.md25Stanford Alpaca proved you don't need millions of examples. In March 2023, they fine-tuned Llama 7B on just 52,000 instrCODE
HIGH…llms-from-scratch/06-instruction-tuning-sft/docs/en.md61Simple and widely used. The `input` field is optional -- many instructions don't need additional context. Stanford releaCODE
HIGH…modal-ai/05-llava-visual-instruction-tuning/docs/en.md3> LLaVA (April 2023) is the most copied multimodal architecture on the planet. It replaced BLIP-2's Q-Former with a 2-laCODE
HIGH…modal-ai/05-llava-visual-instruction-tuning/docs/en.md164| ShareGPT4V | "Better captions" | 1M dense captions generated by GPT-4V, used for higher-quality alignment |CODE
AI Structural Patterns13 hits · 13 pts
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LOW…oundations/05-chain-rule-and-autodiff/code/autodiff.py210CODE
LOW…-math-foundations/21-graph-theory/code/graph_theory.py150CODE
LOW…-llms-from-scratch/05-scaling-distributed/code/main.py85CODE
LOW…pstone-projects/58-vision-encoder-patches/code/main.py102CODE
LOW…-capstone-projects/56-iteration-scheduler/code/main.py117CODE
LOW…19-capstone-projects/34-transformer-block/code/main.py111CODE
LOW…pstone-projects/47-checkpoint-save-resume/code/main.py366CODE
LOW…s/19-capstone-projects/59-vit-transformer/code/main.py103CODE
LOW…capstone-projects/48-distributed-fsdp-ddp/code/main.py294CODE
LOW…/85-content-classifier-integration/code/classifiers.py148CODE
LOW…9-capstone-projects/35-gpt-model-assembly/code/main.py91CODE
LOW…04-computer-vision/14-vision-transformers/code/main.py40CODE
LOW…odal-ai/04-flamingo-gated-cross-attention/code/main.py86CODE
Verbosity Indicators6 hits · 11 pts
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LOWscripts/scaffold-lesson.sh77### Step 1: [name]COMMENT
LOWscripts/scaffold-lesson.sh85### Step 2: [name]COMMENT
LOW…s/15-autonomous-systems/11-browser-agents/code/main.py91 # Step 1: fetch. Apply sanitizer if enabled.COMMENT
LOW…s/15-autonomous-systems/11-browser-agents/code/main.py97 # Step 2: "read" the combined context. In a real stack, URL fragmentCOMMENT
LOW…s/15-autonomous-systems/11-browser-agents/code/main.py101 # Step 3: decide what to post.COMMENT
LOW…s/15-autonomous-systems/11-browser-agents/code/main.py117 # Step 4: R/W boundary check.COMMENT
Slop Phrases5 hits · 10 pts
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MEDIUM…1-llm-engineering/10-evaluation/code/eval_framework.py259 reference_output="I cannot provide instructions for illegal activities.",CODE
MEDIUMphases/11-llm-engineering/12-guardrails/code/main.ts327 return { response: "I cannot provide that response. Let me help you differently.", report };CODE
MEDIUM…es/11-llm-engineering/12-guardrails/code/guardrails.py341 return "I apologize, but I cannot provide that response. Let me help you differently.", reportCODE
MEDIUM…m-engineering/13-production-app/code/production_app.py337 "Let me know if you need more detail on any specific aspect."CODE
MEDIUM…m-engineering/13-production-app/code/production_app.py478 result["text"] = "I cannot provide that response as it was flagged by our safety system."CODE
Modern Structural Boilerplate9 hits · 9 pts
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LOW…nd-protocols/10-mcp-resources-and-prompts/code/main.py38def update_note(nid: str, new_body: str) -> None:CODE
LOW…-engineering/13-langgraph-stateful-graphs/code/main.py41 def set_entry(self, name: str) -> None:CODE
LOW…tooling/12-debugging-and-profiling/code/debug_tools.py10logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)CODE
LOW…nd-swarms/17-generative-agents-simulation/code/main.py53 def update_plan(self, tick: int) -> None:CODE
LOW…pstone-projects/66-reranker-cross-encoder/code/main.py35def _set_seed(seed: int = SEED) -> None:CODE
LOW…19-capstone-projects/34-transformer-block/code/main.py195def _set_eval_mode(stack: BlockStack) -> None:CODE
LOW…apstone-projects/45-gradient-clipping-amp/code/main.py183 def set_loss_fn(self, fn: Callable[[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor], torch.Tensor]) -> None:CODE
LOW…apstone-projects/45-gradient-clipping-amp/code/main.py186 def set_lr(self, lr: float) -> None:CODE
LOW…/19-capstone-projects/44-cosine-lr-warmup/code/main.py150 def set_lr(self, lr: float) -> None:CODE
AI Slop Vocabulary2 hits · 9 pts
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MEDIUM…ne-projects/27-eval-harness-fixture-tasks/code/main.py332# The harnessCOMMENT
MEDIUM…e-projects/29-end-to-end-coding-task-demo/code/main.py32# Minimal harness primitives, copied with intent from lessons 25-28.COMMENT
Overly Generic Function Names5 hits · 5 pts
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LOW…m-engineering/13-production-app/code/production_app.py430 async def handle_request(self, user_id, query, template_name="general_chat", variables=None):CODE
LOW…t-engineering/19-benchmarks-swebench-gaia/code/main.py34def run_task(task: Task) -> TaskResult:CODE
LOW…rms/24-evaluation-coordination-benchmarks/code/main.py42def run_task(system: SystemSim, task_id: str, seen: bool, rng: random.Random) -> TaskResult:CODE
LOW…s/19-capstone-projects/49-lm-eval-harness/code/main.py289def run_task(CODE
LOW…odal-ai/25-multimodal-agents-computer-use/code/main.py87def run_task(task: Task) -> dict:CODE
Magic Placeholder Names1 hit · 5 pts
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HIGH…engineering/02-few-shot-cot/code/advanced_prompting.py510 client = OpenAI(api_key=os.environ.get("OPENAI_API_KEY", "your-api-key"))CODE
Fake / Example Data3 hits · 3 pts
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LOW…-tools-and-protocols/04-structured-output/code/main.py143 "customer": "Acme Corp",CODE
LOW…dal-ai/05-llava-visual-instruction-tuning/code/main.py76 "placeholder": placeholder,CODE
LOW…utonomous-systems/14-kill-switches-canaries/docs/en.md931. Run `code/main.py`. Confirm the circuit breaker fires on turn 5 (fifth identical call) and the canary fires on turn 9CODE