Repository Analysis

model-checking/kani

Kani Rust Verifier

5.6 Low AI signal View on GitHub

Analysis Overview

This report presents the forensic synthetic code analysis of model-checking/kani, a Rust project with 3,221 GitHub stars. SynthScan v2.0 examined 148,194 lines of code across 2291 source files, recording 670 pattern matches distributed across 13 syntactic categories. The overall adjusted score of 5.6 places this repository in the Low AI signal band.

The scanner applied 160+ deterministic lexical heuristics, multi-line block detectors, abstract syntax tree depth profilers, and a cross-file Jaccard similarity matrix to construct a statistically normalised synthetic code estimate. All matches are individually weighted by severity coefficient and contextual multiplier before summation, and the resulting headline score is temporally discounted to account for the repository's development history relative to the commercial emergence of large language model coding tooling (November 2022 onward).

5.6
Adjusted Score
5.6
Raw Score
100%
Time Factor
2026-07-14
Last Push
3.2K
Stars
Rust
Language
148.2K
Lines of Code
2.3K
Files
670
Pattern Hits
2026-07-14
Scan Date
0.01
HC Hit Rate

What These Metrics Mean

Adjusted Score
Primary synthetic code indicator. Raw score normalised per 1,000 lines of code and multiplied by the temporal discount factor. This is the definitive comparative metric — use it to rank repositories by AI authorship density.
Raw Score
The unmodified sum of all severity-weighted, context-multiplied pattern match scores before temporal discounting. Reflects the absolute signal strength independent of when the repository was last active.
Time Factor
The temporal discount multiplier (0–100%) applied to the raw score. Repositories last updated before ChatGPT's launch (Nov 2022) receive a 5% factor. Full signal is only assigned to repositories active in the post-adoption era (Jan 2024+).
Pattern Hits
Total count of individual pattern matches across all files and categories. A high hit count with a low score may indicate a very large codebase with isolated AI snippets; a low count with a high score indicates dense, concentrated AI signatures.
HC Hit Rate
High+Critical pattern hits per file, averaged across the repository. This orthogonal signal catches repositories where a few files are densely packed with high-severity AI tells — a strong indicator even when the normalised score appears moderate due to codebase size.
Lines of Code / Files
Total lines and files analysed. The scanner examines 94 file extensions. These denominators are used to normalise the score, enabling fair comparison between repositories of vastly different sizes.

Score History

Longitudinal tracking requires multiple scan runs. Once this repository is re-scanned after new commits land, this chart will visualise how the synthetic code signal evolves over time — enabling you to detect whether AI authorship is growing, stabilising, or being actively corrected by human engineers.

No multi-scan history yet — run the scanner again to build trend data.

Severity Breakdown

Classifies detected patterns by their diagnostic confidence and structural impact. CRITICAL patterns (coefficient 10) represent definitive synthetic signatures — hallucinated imports, explicit LLM attribution metadata — virtually never produced by human authors. HIGH (5) indicates strong structural tells such as cross-file repetition or cross-linguistic idioms. MEDIUM (2) covers recognisable conversational padding and AI-specific vocabulary. LOW (1) captures subtle indicators like tautological comments and generic boilerplate that require density to carry independent signal.

CRITICAL 1HIGH 11MEDIUM 42LOW 616

Directory Score Breakdown

This horizontal bar chart decomposes the repository's raw synthetic code score by top-level directory, allowing you to pinpoint precisely which modules or components carry the highest AI authorship density. Directories with disproportionately high scores relative to their size warrant targeted manual review: concentrated AI signatures often trace back to mass-generated configuration layers, auto-ported test suites, LLM-scaffolded boilerplate classes, or entire subsystems authored under heavy copilot assistance. Use this view to prioritise your human code-review effort.

Pattern Findings

The scanner identified 670 distinct pattern matches across 13 syntactic categories. Each entry below represents a discrete location in the source code where the engine recorded a statistically significant AI authorship indicator. Expand any category row to inspect the individual file paths, line numbers, code snippets, and the lexical context (CODE, COMMENT, or STRING) in which each match was detected.

Reading the findings table: The Severity column indicates the diagnostic confidence level (CRITICAL / HIGH / MEDIUM / LOW). The Context column identifies whether the match occurred inside executable code, an inline comment, or a string literal — comment-context matches receive a ×1.5 weight because LLMs systematically over-annotate. The ⚡ bolt icon marks clustered matches: three or more patterns within a 10-line window, each receiving an additional ×1.5 density multiplier as dense clusters constitute far stronger evidence of synthetic authorship than isolated hits.

Over-Commented Block581 hits · 573 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
LOWtools/build-kani/src/main.rs121/// Copy CBMC files into `dir`COMMENT
LOWtools/build-kani/src/sysroot.rs1// Copyright Kani ContributorsCOMMENT
LOWtools/build-kani/src/parser.rs1// Copyright Kani ContributorsCOMMENT
LOWtools/benchcomp/benchcomp/entry/__init__.py1# Copyright Kani ContributorsCOMMENT
LOWtools/benchcomp/test/unit/__init__.py1# Copyright Kani ContributorsCOMMENT
LOWtools/compiletest/src/raise_fd_limit.rs1// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 OR MITCOMMENT
LOWtools/compiletest/src/runtest.rs281 }COMMENT
LOWtools/compiletest/src/runtest.rs341 let proc_res = self.compose_and_run(cargo);COMMENT
LOWtools/kani-cov/src/report.rs81COMMENT
LOWtools/kani-cov/src/report.rs101/// ``` println!("Hello, world!");'''COMMENT
LOWtools/kani-cov/src/args.rs1// Copyright Kani ContributorsCOMMENT
LOWtools/kani-cov/src/args.rs21/// As an example, let's assume we execute Kani with coverage enabledCOMMENT
LOWtools/kani-cov/src/args.rs41///COMMENT
LOWtools/kani-cov/src/args.rs81#[derive(Debug, clap::Args)]COMMENT
LOWtools/kani-cov/src/args.rs101 // Csv,COMMENT
LOWtools/kani-cov/src/summary.rs101 total_regions: usize,COMMENT
LOWtools/scanner/src/bin/scan.rs1// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 OR MITCOMMENT
LOWkani-compiler/src/kani_compiler.rs1// Copyright Kani ContributorsCOMMENT
LOWkani-compiler/src/main.rs1// Copyright Kani ContributorsCOMMENT
LOWkani-compiler/src/args.rs21#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, AsRefStr, EnumString, VariantNames, PartialEq, Eq)]COMMENT
LOWkani-compiler/src/args.rs41 #[clap(long)]COMMENT
LOWkani-compiler/src/args.rs61 /// If used with --exact, the harness filter will only match the exact fully qualified name of a harness.COMMENT
LOWkani-compiler/src/args.rs81 /// Option used for building standard library.COMMENT
LOWkani-compiler/src/args.rs101 #[clap(long = "backend", default_value_t = BackendOption::CProver)]COMMENT
LOWkani-compiler/src/kani_middle/kani_functions.rs1// Copyright Kani ContributorsCOMMENT
LOWkani-compiler/src/kani_middle/kani_functions.rs61/// Kani models are Rust functions that model some runtime behavior used by Kani instrumentation.COMMENT
LOWkani-compiler/src/kani_middle/kani_functions.rs121COMMENT
LOWkani-compiler/src/kani_middle/analysis.rs1// Copyright Kani ContributorsCOMMENT
LOWkani-compiler/src/kani_middle/attributes.rs41 /// Attribute used to mark unstable APIs.COMMENT
LOWkani-compiler/src/kani_middle/attributes.rs61 /// Internal attribute of the contracts implementation that identifies theCOMMENT
LOWkani-compiler/src/kani_middle/attributes.rs1341 let parser = syn::Attribute::parse_outer;COMMENT
LOWkani-compiler/src/kani_middle/mod.rs21COMMENT
LOWkani-compiler/src/kani_middle/mod.rs41/// qualifiers and generic args (`<my_crate::T as my_crate::Tr>::m`,COMMENT
LOWkani-compiler/src/kani_middle/coercion.rs1// Copyright Kani ContributorsCOMMENT
LOWkani-compiler/src/kani_middle/coercion.rs21use rustc_public::Symbol;COMMENT
LOWkani-compiler/src/kani_middle/coercion.rs41/// - This is the base case.COMMENT
LOWkani-compiler/src/kani_middle/coercion.rs121pub struct CoercionBase<'tcx> {COMMENT
LOWkani-compiler/src/kani_middle/coercion.rs181/// }COMMENT
LOWkani-compiler/src/kani_middle/reachability.rs1// Copyright Kani ContributorsCOMMENT
LOW…-compiler/src/kani_middle/points_to/points_to_graph.rs81 let successors_after = self.successors.len();COMMENT
LOW…mpiler/src/kani_middle/points_to/points_to_analysis.rs1// Copyright Kani ContributorsCOMMENT
LOWkani-compiler/src/kani_middle/stubbing/mod.rs41/// The purpose is to allow stubbing out:COMMENT
LOWkani-compiler/src/kani_middle/transform/automatic.rs61COMMENT
LOWkani-compiler/src/kani_middle/transform/automatic.rs81 /// pub fn any() -> Foo {COMMENT
LOWkani-compiler/src/kani_middle/transform/automatic.rs201 // The index of the first block we inserted is (last bb index - number of bbs we inserted above it)COMMENT
LOW…compiler/src/kani_middle/transform/rustc_intrinsics.rs161COMMENT
LOWkani-compiler/src/kani_middle/transform/check_values.rs1// Copyright Kani ContributorsCOMMENT
LOWkani-compiler/src/kani_middle/transform/check_values.rs181// TODO: Optimize checks by merging requirements whenever possible.COMMENT
LOWkani-compiler/src/kani_middle/transform/check_values.rs281 /// valid for the given location in target type. This happens for:COMMENT
LOWkani-compiler/src/kani_middle/transform/check_values.rs301 /// attribute. Such as valid ranges that do not intersect or enumeration with variantsCOMMENT
LOWkani-compiler/src/kani_middle/transform/check_values.rs321}COMMENT
LOWkani-compiler/src/kani_middle/transform/check_values.rs781 invalid_rangesCOMMENT
LOWkani-compiler/src/kani_middle/transform/body.rs21 /// Declarations of locals within the function.COMMENT
LOW…i-compiler/src/kani_middle/transform/loop_contracts.rs61 /// loop_head_stmtsCOMMENT
LOW…i-compiler/src/kani_middle/transform/loop_contracts.rs81 ///COMMENT
LOW…i-compiler/src/kani_middle/transform/loop_contracts.rs941 }COMMENT
LOW…i-compiler/src/kani_middle/transform/loop_contracts.rs961 /// ```COMMENT
LOW…i-compiler/src/kani_middle/transform/loop_contracts.rs1141 // ```ignoreCOMMENT
LOWkani-compiler/src/kani_middle/transform/mod.rs1// Copyright Kani ContributorsCOMMENT
LOW…-compiler/src/kani_middle/transform/kani_intrinsics.rs361 /// returnCOMMENT
521 more matches not shown…
AI Slop Vocabulary29 hits · 88 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
MEDIUMtools/build-kani/src/main.rs5//! We use Rust here just to aid in making the "script" more robust.COMMENT
MEDIUMtools/compiletest/src/runtest.rs566 // output. This is a temporary mechanism until we have more robustCOMMENT
MEDIUMkani-compiler/src/args.rs63 #[arg(long = "harness", num_args(1), value_name = "HARNESS_FILTER")]COMMENT
MEDIUMkani-compiler/src/kani_middle/attributes.rs1106 format!("only one '#[kani::{}]' attribute is allowed per harness", kind.as_ref()),CODE
MEDIUMkani-compiler/src/kani_middle/mod.rs133 "stub verified target `{}` does not have a corresponding `#[proof_for_contract]` harness",CODE
MEDIUM…mpiler/src/kani_middle/points_to/points_to_analysis.rs7//! The analysis uses Rust's dataflow framework by implementing appropriate traits to leverage theCOMMENT
MEDIUM…mpiler/src/kani_middle/points_to/points_to_analysis.rs194 // if a function pointer call is used), but we could leverage the call graph to resolveCOMMENT
MEDIUM…compiler/src/kani_middle/transform/rustc_intrinsics.rs168 /// Our models are usually augmented by some trait bounds, or they leverage Kani intrinsics toCOMMENT
MEDIUMtests/ui/arbitrary-ptr-doc/doc_examples.rs8//! We may be able to leverage `--runtool` from rustdoc once its stabilized. SeeCOMMENT
MEDIUM…-verified-without-contract/stub_verified_no_harness.rs18// This should fail because target_function has no `#[proof_for_contract]` harnessCOMMENT
MEDIUMtests/cargo-ui/ws-integ-tests/Cargo.toml5# The `in_src_harness` has a proof harness co-located with the code.COMMENT
MEDIUMtests/cargo-ui/ws-integ-tests/Cargo.toml6# The `integ_harness` has a proof harness co-located with an integration test.COMMENT
MEDIUMtests/expected/loop-contract/function_call_with_loop.rs6//! Calling a function that contains loops and test that using a #[kani::proof] harness fails because the function's preCOMMENT
MEDIUMtests/script-based-pre/verify_std_cmd/verify_std.sh23# Insert a small harness in one of the standard library modules.COMMENT
MEDIUMlibrary/kani_core/src/arbitrary/pointer.rs38 /// # fn harness() {COMMENT
MEDIUMlibrary/kani_core/src/arbitrary/pointer.rs55 /// # fn harness() {COMMENT
MEDIUMlibrary/kani_core/src/arbitrary/pointer.rs81 /// # fn harness() {COMMENT
MEDIUMlibrary/kani_core/src/arbitrary/pointer.rs133 /// # fn harness() {COMMENT
MEDIUMlibrary/kani_core/src/arbitrary/pointer.rs151 /// # fn harness() {COMMENT
MEDIUMlibrary/kani_core/src/arbitrary/pointer.rs177 /// # fn harness() {COMMENT
MEDIUMlibrary/kani/src/contracts.rs178//! Contract are used both to verify function behavior and to leverage theCOMMENT
MEDIUMlibrary/kani_macros/src/lib.rs672 /// Add #[allow(dead_code)] to a proof harness to avoid dead code warnings.COMMENT
MEDIUMkani_metadata/src/harness.rs37 /// The `#[kani::<>]` attributes added to a harness.COMMENT
MEDIUMkani_metadata/src/harness.rs119/// but this function is written to be robust against that changing in the future.COMMENT
MEDIUMscripts/kani-slow-tests.sh18# TODO: We should add a more robust mechanism to detect python unexpected behavior.COMMENT
MEDIUMscripts/kani-perf.sh29# Bound each test's wall time so a runaway case (e.g. an OOM-prone harness)COMMENT
MEDIUMscripts/kani-regression.sh18# TODO: We should add a more robust mechanism to detect python unexpected behavior.COMMENT
MEDIUMscripts/kani-regression.sh95# It should just successfully find the project and specified proof harness. (Then clean up.)COMMENT
MEDIUMkani-driver/src/args/mod.rs272 #[arg(long = "harness", num_args(1), value_name = "HARNESS_FILTER")]COMMENT
Cross-Language Confusion9 hits · 65 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
HIGHtools/benchcomp/test/test_regression.py240 "command_line": "mkdir bench_1 && echo true > bench_1/success"CODE
HIGHtools/benchcomp/test/test_regression.py246 "command_line": "mkdir bench_1 && echo false > bench_1/success"CODE
HIGHtools/benchcomp/test/test_regression.py282 "command_line": "mkdir bench_1 && echo true > bench_1/success"CODE
HIGHtools/benchcomp/test/test_regression.py288 "command_line": "mkdir bench_1 && echo true > bench_1/success"CODE
HIGHtools/benchcomp/test/test_regression.py324 "command_line": "mkdir bench_1 && echo 10 > bench_1/n_bugs"CODE
HIGHtools/benchcomp/test/test_regression.py330 "command_line": "mkdir bench_1 && echo 5 > bench_1/n_bugs"CODE
HIGHtools/benchcomp/test/test_regression.py365 "command_line": "mkdir bench_1 && echo 10 > bench_1/n_bugs"CODE
HIGHtools/benchcomp/test/test_regression.py371 "command_line": "mkdir bench_1 && echo 5 > bench_1/n_bugs"CODE
HIGHtools/benchcomp/test/test_regression.py788 grep bin out && grep '^foo:' out && echo '{CODE
Redundant / Tautological Comments10 hits · 17 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
LOWtools/benchcomp/benchcomp/cmd_args.py252 # Set entrypoint to benchcomp.entry.visualize.main()COMMENT
LOW…d-pre/playback_with_cfg_kani/playback_with_cfg_kani.sh14# Check if cargo is installedCOMMENT
LOW…d-pre/individual_file_output/individual_file_output.sh21# Check if the output directory existsCOMMENT
LOW…d-pre/individual_file_output/individual_file_output.sh27# Check if there are any files in the output directoryCOMMENT
LOW…d-pre/individual_file_output/individual_file_output.sh35# Check if each file contains textCOMMENT
LOW…-pre/kani_autoharness_exclude_precedence/precedence.sh21# Check if a function appears in the "Selected Function" tableCOMMENT
LOW…-pre/kani_autoharness_exclude_precedence/precedence.sh32# Check if a function appears in the "Skipped Function" tableCOMMENT
LOWscripts/check_kissat_version.sh5# Check if kissat has the minimum required version specified in theCOMMENT
LOWscripts/kani-regression.sh26# Check if installed versions are correct.COMMENT
LOWscripts/setup/install_kissat.sh15# Check if the correct Kissat version is already installedCOMMENT
Hyper-Verbose Identifiers15 hits · 15 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
LOWtools/benchcomp/benchcomp/visualizers/__init__.py229 def _parse_scatterplot_config(scatterplot_config_string):CODE
LOWtools/benchcomp/benchcomp/visualizers/__init__.py340 def _organize_results_into_metrics(results, log_scaling):STRING
LOWtools/benchcomp/test/test_unit.py16 def test_environment_construction(self):CODE
LOWtools/benchcomp/test/test_unit.py24 def test_placeholder_construction(self):CODE
LOWtools/benchcomp/test/test_unit.py50 def test_environment_update_variable(self):CODE
LOWtools/benchcomp/test/test_regression.py135 def test_error_on_regression_two_benchmarks_previously_failed(self):CODE
LOWtools/benchcomp/test/test_regression.py183 def test_error_on_regression_two_benchmarks_one_failed(self):CODE
LOWtools/benchcomp/test/test_regression.py231 def test_error_on_regression_visualization_success_regressed(self):CODE
LOWtools/benchcomp/test/test_regression.py273 def test_error_on_regression_visualization_success_no_regressed(self):CODE
LOWtools/benchcomp/test/test_regression.py315 def test_error_on_regression_visualization_ratio_no_regressed(self):CODE
LOWtools/benchcomp/test/test_regression.py356 def test_error_on_regression_visualization_ratio_regressed(self):CODE
LOWtools/benchcomp/test/test_regression.py397 def test_markdown_results_table(self):CODE
LOWtools/benchcomp/test/test_regression.py899 def test_run_command_visualization(self):STRING
LOWtools/benchcomp/test/test_regression.py950 def test_run_failing_command_visualization(self):STRING
LOWtools/benchcomp/test/test_regression.py995 def test_unknown_metric_in_benchmark(self):STRING
Synthetic Comment Markers2 hits · 15 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
HIGH…ni-compiler/src/codegen_cprover_gotoc/codegen/place.rs363 /// auto-generated code for Fn::call_once uses a local FnDef to call theCOMMENT
HIGH…ni-compiler/src/codegen_cprover_gotoc/codegen/place.rs364 /// wrapped function, while the auto-generated code for Fn::call andCOMMENT
Decorative Section Separators5 hits · 15 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
MEDIUMtests/kani/Static/anon_static.rs11 // ╾───────alloc2────────╼ │ ╾──────╼COMMENT
MEDIUMtests/kani/Static/anon_static.rs31 // ╾───────alloc2────────╼ │ ╾──────╼COMMENT
MEDIUMtests/kani/Static/anon_static.rs39 // ╾───────alloc2────────╼ │ ╾──────╼COMMENT
MEDIUMtests/kani/Static/pointer_to_const_alloc.rs9// ╾─────alloc3<imm>─────╼ 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 │ ╾──────╼........COMMENT
MEDIUMtests/kani/Static/pointer_to_const_alloc.rs17// ╾─────alloc3<imm>─────╼ 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 │ ╾──────╼........COMMENT
Slop Phrases5 hits · 14 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
MEDIUM…orm/check_uninit/delayed_ub/instrumentation_visitor.rs137 // Here is a simple example:COMMENT
MEDIUM…compiler/src/codegen_cprover_gotoc/codegen/function.rs203 // As discussed above, fields are named like `0: t1`.COMMENT
LOWtests/firecracker/virtio-balloon-compact/ignore-main.rs42 // Don't forget to push the last range to the result.COMMENT
MEDIUMlibrary/kani_macros/src/lib.rs179/// As mentioned earlier, the `#[safety_constraint(...)]` attribute can be addedCOMMENT
MEDIUMlibrary/kani_macros/src/lib.rs306/// As mentioned earlier, the `#[safety_constraint(...)]` attribute can be addedCOMMENT
Self-Referential Comments4 hits · 14 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
MEDIUMtests/cargo-ui/ws-integ-tests/Cargo.toml4# Create a workspace with three independent libraries that have integration tests.COMMENT
MEDIUMtests/cargo-kani/stubbing-ws-packages/Cargo.toml4# Create a workspace with multiple packages with stubsCOMMENT
MEDIUMtests/script-based-pre/verify_std_cmd/verify_std.sh17# Create a custom standard library.COMMENT
MEDIUMtests/script-based-pre/std_codegen/codegen_std.sh21# Create a custom standard library.COMMENT
Hallucination Indicators1 hit · 10 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
CRITICAL…i-compiler/src/codegen_aeneas_llbc/mir_to_ullbc/mod.rs1241 trait_refs: trait_ref.trait_decl_ref.skip_binder.generics.trait_refs.clone(),CODE
Deep Nesting7 hits · 7 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
LOWtools/benchcomp/benchcomp/__init__.py78CODE
LOWtools/benchcomp/benchcomp/parsers/kani_perf.py70CODE
LOWtools/benchcomp/benchcomp/visualizers/__init__.py299CODE
LOWtools/benchcomp/benchcomp/visualizers/__init__.py340CODE
LOWtools/benchcomp/benchcomp/visualizers/__init__.py367CODE
LOWtools/benchcomp/benchcomp/visualizers/utils.py67CODE
LOWtools/benchcomp/benchcomp/visualizers/utils.py103CODE
Example Usage Blocks1 hit · 2 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
LOWscripts/run-autopep8.sh6# Usage:COMMENT
Unused Imports1 hit · 1 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
LOWscripts/gen_benchcomp_schemas.py12CODE