Repository Analysis

ethereum/go-ethereum

Go implementation of the Ethereum protocol

4.5 Likely human-written View on GitHub

Analysis Overview

This report presents the forensic synthetic code analysis of ethereum/go-ethereum, a Go project with 51,345 GitHub stars. SynthScan v2.0 examined 558,182 lines of code across 2060 source files, recording 1930 pattern matches distributed across 11 syntactic categories. The overall adjusted score of 4.5 places this repository in the Likely human-written band.

The scanner applied 160+ deterministic lexical heuristics, multi-line block detectors, abstract syntax tree depth profilers, and a cross-file Jaccard similarity matrix to construct a statistically normalised synthetic code estimate. All matches are individually weighted by severity coefficient and contextual multiplier before summation, and the resulting headline score is temporally discounted to account for the repository's development history relative to the commercial emergence of large language model coding tooling (November 2022 onward).

4.5
Adjusted Score
4.5
Raw Score
100%
Time Factor
2026-07-13
Last Push
51.3K
Stars
Go
Language
558.2K
Lines of Code
2.1K
Files
1.9K
Pattern Hits
2026-07-14
Scan Date
0.02
HC Hit Rate

What These Metrics Mean

Adjusted Score
Primary synthetic code indicator. Raw score normalised per 1,000 lines of code and multiplied by the temporal discount factor. This is the definitive comparative metric — use it to rank repositories by AI authorship density.
Raw Score
The unmodified sum of all severity-weighted, context-multiplied pattern match scores before temporal discounting. Reflects the absolute signal strength independent of when the repository was last active.
Time Factor
The temporal discount multiplier (0–100%) applied to the raw score. Repositories last updated before ChatGPT's launch (Nov 2022) receive a 5% factor. Full signal is only assigned to repositories active in the post-adoption era (Jan 2024+).
Pattern Hits
Total count of individual pattern matches across all files and categories. A high hit count with a low score may indicate a very large codebase with isolated AI snippets; a low count with a high score indicates dense, concentrated AI signatures.
HC Hit Rate
High+Critical pattern hits per file, averaged across the repository. This orthogonal signal catches repositories where a few files are densely packed with high-severity AI tells — a strong indicator even when the normalised score appears moderate due to codebase size.
Lines of Code / Files
Total lines and files analysed. The scanner examines 94 file extensions. These denominators are used to normalise the score, enabling fair comparison between repositories of vastly different sizes.

Score History

Longitudinal tracking requires multiple scan runs. Once this repository is re-scanned after new commits land, this chart will visualise how the synthetic code signal evolves over time — enabling you to detect whether AI authorship is growing, stabilising, or being actively corrected by human engineers.

No multi-scan history yet — run the scanner again to build trend data.

Severity Breakdown

Classifies detected patterns by their diagnostic confidence and structural impact. CRITICAL patterns (coefficient 10) represent definitive synthetic signatures — hallucinated imports, explicit LLM attribution metadata — virtually never produced by human authors. HIGH (5) indicates strong structural tells such as cross-file repetition or cross-linguistic idioms. MEDIUM (2) covers recognisable conversational padding and AI-specific vocabulary. LOW (1) captures subtle indicators like tautological comments and generic boilerplate that require density to carry independent signal.

CRITICAL 39HIGH 0MEDIUM 30LOW 1861

Directory Score Breakdown

This horizontal bar chart decomposes the repository's raw synthetic code score by top-level directory, allowing you to pinpoint precisely which modules or components carry the highest AI authorship density. Directories with disproportionately high scores relative to their size warrant targeted manual review: concentrated AI signatures often trace back to mass-generated configuration layers, auto-ported test suites, LLM-scaffolded boilerplate classes, or entire subsystems authored under heavy copilot assistance. Use this view to prioritise your human code-review effort.

Pattern Findings

The scanner identified 1930 distinct pattern matches across 11 syntactic categories. Each entry below represents a discrete location in the source code where the engine recorded a statistically significant AI authorship indicator. Expand any category row to inspect the individual file paths, line numbers, code snippets, and the lexical context (CODE, COMMENT, or STRING) in which each match was detected.

Reading the findings table: The Severity column indicates the diagnostic confidence level (CRITICAL / HIGH / MEDIUM / LOW). The Context column identifies whether the match occurred inside executable code, an inline comment, or a string literal — comment-context matches receive a ×1.5 weight because LLMs systematically over-annotate. The ⚡ bolt icon marks clustered matches: three or more patterns within a 10-line window, each receiving an additional ×1.5 density multiplier as dense clusters constitute far stronger evidence of synthetic authorship than isolated hits.

Over-Commented Block1841 hits · 1814 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
LOWinterfaces.go1// Copyright 2016 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWinterfaces.go61COMMENT
LOWinterfaces.go81//COMMENT
LOWinterfaces.go201COMMENT
LOWoss-fuzz.sh1#!/bin/bash -euCOMMENT
LOW.golangci.yml21 - usetestingCOMMENT
LOWmetrics/cpu_disabled.go1// Copyright 2020 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWmetrics/config.go1// Copyright 2021 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWmetrics/disk.go1// Copyright 2015 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWmetrics/cpu.go1// Copyright 2018 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWmetrics/cputime_nop.go1// Copyright 2018 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWmetrics/cpu_enabled.go1// Copyright 2020 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWmetrics/disk_nop.go1// Copyright 2015 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWmetrics/disk_linux.go1// Copyright 2015 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWmetrics/cputime_unix.go1// Copyright 2018 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWmetrics/internal/sampledata.go1// Copyright 2023 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWmetrics/influxdb/influxdb_test.go1// Copyright 2023 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWmetrics/prometheus/collector.go1// Copyright 2019 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWmetrics/prometheus/prometheus.go1// Copyright 2019 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWmetrics/prometheus/collector_test.go1// Copyright 2023 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWcmd/ethkey/generate.go1// Copyright 2017 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWcmd/ethkey/message.go1// Copyright 2017 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWcmd/ethkey/message_test.go1// Copyright 2018 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWcmd/ethkey/changepassword.go1// Copyright 2018 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWcmd/ethkey/run_test.go1// Copyright 2018 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWcmd/ethkey/utils.go1// Copyright 2017 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWcmd/ethkey/inspect.go1// Copyright 2017 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWcmd/ethkey/main.go1// Copyright 2017 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWcmd/devp2p/discv4cmd.go1// Copyright 2019 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWcmd/devp2p/enrcmd.go1// Copyright 2019 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWcmd/devp2p/crawl.go1// Copyright 2019 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWcmd/devp2p/runtest.go1// Copyright 2020 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWcmd/devp2p/dnscmd.go1// Copyright 2019 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWcmd/devp2p/nodesetcmd.go1// Copyright 2019 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWcmd/devp2p/discv5cmd.go1// Copyright 2020 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWcmd/devp2p/dns_route53.go1// Copyright 2019 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWcmd/devp2p/rlpxcmd.go1// Copyright 2020 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWcmd/devp2p/nodeset.go1// Copyright 2019 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWcmd/devp2p/rlpxcmd_test.go1// Copyright 2026 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWcmd/devp2p/dns_route53_test.go1// Copyright 2020 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWcmd/devp2p/keycmd.go1// Copyright 2020 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWcmd/devp2p/main.go1// Copyright 2019 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWcmd/devp2p/dns_cloudflare.go1// Copyright 2019 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWcmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/suite.go1// Copyright 2020 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWcmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/chain_test.go1// Copyright 2020 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWcmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/snap.go1// Copyright 2022 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWcmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/protocol.go1// Copyright 2023 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWcmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/transaction.go1// Copyright 2020 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWcmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/chain.go1// Copyright 2020 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWcmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/engine.go1// Copyright 2023 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWcmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/snap2.go1// Copyright 2026 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWcmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/suite_test.go1// Copyright 2021 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWcmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/conn.go1// Copyright 2023 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWcmd/devp2p/internal/v4test/framework.go1// Copyright 2020 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWcmd/devp2p/internal/v4test/discv4tests.go1// Copyright 2020 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWcmd/devp2p/internal/v5test/framework.go1// Copyright 2020 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWcmd/devp2p/internal/v5test/discv5tests.go1// Copyright 2020 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWcmd/geth/genesis_test.go1// Copyright 2016 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWcmd/geth/chaincmd.go1// Copyright 2015 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
LOWcmd/geth/config.go1// Copyright 2017 The go-ethereum AuthorsCOMMENT
1781 more matches not shown…
Hallucination Indicators39 hits · 540 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
CRITICALcrypto/bn256/google/bn256.go340 xxxBytes := n.p.x.x.x.Bytes()CODE
CRITICALcrypto/bn256/google/bn256.go341 xxyBytes := n.p.x.x.y.Bytes()CODE
CRITICALcrypto/bn256/google/bn256.go342 xyxBytes := n.p.x.y.x.Bytes()CODE
CRITICALcrypto/bn256/google/bn256.go343 xyyBytes := n.p.x.y.y.Bytes()CODE
CRITICALcrypto/bn256/google/bn256.go344 xzxBytes := n.p.x.z.x.Bytes()CODE
CRITICALcrypto/bn256/google/bn256.go345 xzyBytes := n.p.x.z.y.Bytes()CODE
CRITICALcrypto/bn256/google/bn256.go346 yxxBytes := n.p.y.x.x.Bytes()CODE
CRITICALcrypto/bn256/google/bn256.go347 yxyBytes := n.p.y.x.y.Bytes()CODE
CRITICALcrypto/bn256/google/bn256.go348 yyxBytes := n.p.y.y.x.Bytes()CODE
CRITICALcrypto/bn256/google/bn256.go349 yyyBytes := n.p.y.y.y.Bytes()CODE
CRITICALcrypto/bn256/google/bn256.go350 yzxBytes := n.p.y.z.x.Bytes()CODE
CRITICALcrypto/bn256/google/bn256.go351 yzyBytes := n.p.y.z.y.Bytes()CODE
CRITICALcrypto/bn256/google/bn256.go387 e.p.x.x.x.SetBytes(m[0*numBytes : 1*numBytes])CODE
CRITICALcrypto/bn256/google/bn256.go388 e.p.x.x.y.SetBytes(m[1*numBytes : 2*numBytes])CODE
CRITICALcrypto/bn256/google/bn256.go389 e.p.x.y.x.SetBytes(m[2*numBytes : 3*numBytes])CODE
CRITICALcrypto/bn256/google/bn256.go390 e.p.x.y.y.SetBytes(m[3*numBytes : 4*numBytes])CODE
CRITICALcrypto/bn256/google/bn256.go391 e.p.x.z.x.SetBytes(m[4*numBytes : 5*numBytes])CODE
CRITICALcrypto/bn256/google/bn256.go392 e.p.x.z.y.SetBytes(m[5*numBytes : 6*numBytes])CODE
CRITICALcrypto/bn256/google/bn256.go393 e.p.y.x.x.SetBytes(m[6*numBytes : 7*numBytes])CODE
CRITICALcrypto/bn256/google/bn256.go394 e.p.y.x.y.SetBytes(m[7*numBytes : 8*numBytes])CODE
CRITICALcrypto/bn256/google/bn256.go395 e.p.y.y.x.SetBytes(m[8*numBytes : 9*numBytes])CODE
CRITICALcrypto/bn256/google/bn256.go396 e.p.y.y.y.SetBytes(m[9*numBytes : 10*numBytes])CODE
CRITICALcrypto/bn256/google/bn256.go397 e.p.y.z.x.SetBytes(m[10*numBytes : 11*numBytes])CODE
CRITICALcrypto/bn256/google/bn256.go398 e.p.y.z.y.SetBytes(m[11*numBytes : 12*numBytes])CODE
CRITICALcrypto/bn256/cloudflare/bn256.go445 if err = e.p.x.x.x.Unmarshal(m); err != nil {CODE
CRITICALcrypto/bn256/cloudflare/bn256.go448 if err = e.p.x.x.y.Unmarshal(m[numBytes:]); err != nil {CODE
CRITICALcrypto/bn256/cloudflare/bn256.go451 if err = e.p.x.y.x.Unmarshal(m[2*numBytes:]); err != nil {CODE
CRITICALcrypto/bn256/cloudflare/bn256.go454 if err = e.p.x.y.y.Unmarshal(m[3*numBytes:]); err != nil {CODE
CRITICALcrypto/bn256/cloudflare/bn256.go457 if err = e.p.x.z.x.Unmarshal(m[4*numBytes:]); err != nil {CODE
CRITICALcrypto/bn256/cloudflare/bn256.go460 if err = e.p.x.z.y.Unmarshal(m[5*numBytes:]); err != nil {CODE
CRITICALcrypto/bn256/cloudflare/bn256.go463 if err = e.p.y.x.x.Unmarshal(m[6*numBytes:]); err != nil {CODE
CRITICALcrypto/bn256/cloudflare/bn256.go466 if err = e.p.y.x.y.Unmarshal(m[7*numBytes:]); err != nil {CODE
CRITICALcrypto/bn256/cloudflare/bn256.go469 if err = e.p.y.y.x.Unmarshal(m[8*numBytes:]); err != nil {CODE
CRITICALcrypto/bn256/cloudflare/bn256.go472 if err = e.p.y.y.y.Unmarshal(m[9*numBytes:]); err != nil {CODE
CRITICALcrypto/bn256/cloudflare/bn256.go475 if err = e.p.y.z.x.Unmarshal(m[10*numBytes:]); err != nil {CODE
CRITICALcrypto/bn256/cloudflare/bn256.go478 if err = e.p.y.z.y.Unmarshal(m[11*numBytes:]); err != nil {CODE
CRITICALgraphql/internal/graphiql/graphiql.min.js2!function(){var e,t,n={8042:function(e,t){var n,r;"undefined"!=typeof globalThis?globalThis:"undefined"!=typeof self&&seCODE
CRITICALeth/downloader/downloader_test.go505 tester.downloader.queue.resultCache.lock.Lock()CODE
CRITICALeth/downloader/downloader_test.go511 tester.downloader.queue.resultCache.lock.Unlock()CODE
Decorative Section Separators21 hits · 92 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
MEDIUMcrypto/secp256k1/libsecp256k1/CMakeLists.txt3#=============================COMMENT
MEDIUMcrypto/secp256k1/libsecp256k1/CMakeLists.txt5#=============================COMMENT
MEDIUMcrypto/secp256k1/libsecp256k1/CMakeLists.txt38#=============================COMMENT
MEDIUMcrypto/secp256k1/libsecp256k1/CMakeLists.txt40#=============================COMMENT
MEDIUMcrypto/secp256k1/libsecp256k1/CMakeLists.txt44#=============================COMMENT
MEDIUMcrypto/secp256k1/libsecp256k1/CMakeLists.txt46#=============================COMMENT
MEDIUMcore/state/reader_eip_7928.go49// ┌──────────────┴──────────────┐ ┌──────────────┴──────────────┐COMMENT
MEDIUMcore/state/reader_eip_7928.go52// └──────────────┬──────────────┘ └──────────────┬──────────────┘COMMENT
MEDIUMcore/state/reader_eip_7928.go54// └────────────────┬─────────────────┘COMMENT
MEDIUMcore/state/reader_eip_7928.go56// ┌──────────────┴──────────────┐COMMENT
MEDIUMcore/state/reader_eip_7928.go59// └──────────────┬──────────────┘COMMENT
MEDIUMcore/state/reader_eip_7928.go61// ┌──────────────┴──────────────┐COMMENT
MEDIUMcore/state/reader_eip_7928.go64// └─────────────────────────────┘COMMENT
MEDIUMtriedb/pathdb/nodes.go438// └───────────────────────────────┘COMMENT
MEDIUMtriedb/pathdb/nodes.go440// │ │ │ │ │ │ └───── FlagB: set if no extended bitmap is present after the metadata byteCOMMENT
MEDIUMtriedb/pathdb/nodes.go441// │ │ │ │ │ └───────── FlagC: bitmap for node (only used when flagB == 1)COMMENT
MEDIUMtriedb/pathdb/nodes.go442// │ │ │ │ └───────────── FlagD: bitmap for node (only used when flagB == 1)COMMENT
MEDIUMtriedb/pathdb/nodes.go443// │ │ │ └───────────────── FlagE: reserved (marks the presence of the 16th child in a full node)COMMENT
MEDIUMtriedb/pathdb/nodes.go444// │ │ └───────────────────── FlagF: reservedCOMMENT
MEDIUMtriedb/pathdb/nodes.go445// │ └───────────────────────── FlagG: reservedCOMMENT
MEDIUMtriedb/pathdb/nodes.go446// └───────────────────────────── FlagH: reservedCOMMENT
AI Slop Vocabulary8 hits · 23 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
MEDIUMcore/state_prefetcher.go34// from disk. Transactions are executed in parallel to fully leverage theCOMMENT
MEDIUMcore/rawdb/freezer_batch.go246 // buffer to utilize the full capacity.COMMENT
MEDIUMcore/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go281// behavioural expectations allow us to design a transaction pool that is more robustCOMMENT
MEDIUMtests/state_test_util.go300 // utilize those codepaths.COMMENT
MEDIUMgraphql/internal/graphiql/graphiql.min.js2!function(){var e,t,n={8042:function(e,t){var n,r;"undefined"!=typeof globalThis?globalThis:"undefined"!=typeof self&&seCODE
MEDIUMeth/protocols/snap/sync.go2360 // Essentially, a recursive expansion of HR = (1-MI)*HR + MI*NR.COMMENT
MEDIUMnode/config.go118 // origin. These attacks do not utilize CORS, since they are not cross-domain.COMMENT
MEDIUMnode/config.go183 // origin. These attacks do not utilize CORS, since they are not cross-domain.COMMENT
Hyper-Verbose Identifiers8 hits · 10 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
LOWinternal/jsre/deps/web3.js9344 function generateKeystreamAndEncrypt(words, offset, blockSize, cipher) {CODE
LOWaccounts/abi/abigen/bind_test.go809 function AllPurelyUnderscoredOutput() constant returns (int _, int __) {CODE
LOWaccounts/abi/abigen/bind_test.go2030 function functionWithKeywordParameter(range uint256) public pure {}CODE
LOWaccounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/rangekeyword.go.txt63// Solidity: function functionWithKeywordParameter(uint256 range) pure returns()COMMENT
LOWaccounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/rangekeyword.go.txt76// Solidity: function functionWithKeywordParameter(uint256 range) pure returns()COMMENT
LOWaccounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/underscorer.go.txt63// Solidity: function AllPurelyUnderscoredOutput() view returns(int256 _, int256 __)COMMENT
LOWaccounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/underscorer.go.txt76// Solidity: function AllPurelyUnderscoredOutput() view returns(int256 _, int256 __)COMMENT
LOWaccounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/underscorer.go.txt91// Solidity: function AllPurelyUnderscoredOutput() view returns(int256 _, int256 __)COMMENT
Fake / Example Data6 hits · 9 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
LOWrlp/encode_test.go218 val: "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing eli",CODE
LOWrlp/encode_test.go218 val: "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing eli",CODE
LOWrlp/encode_test.go222 val: "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit",CODE
LOWrlp/encode_test.go222 val: "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit",CODE
LOWrlp/encode_test.go226 val: "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Curabitur mauris magna, suscipit sed vehicula non, iCODE
LOWrlp/encode_test.go226 val: "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Curabitur mauris magna, suscipit sed vehicula non, iCODE
Slop Phrases2 hits · 4 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
LOWeth/gasprice/gasprice_test.go125// newTestBackend creates a test backend. OBS: don't forget to invoke tearDownCOMMENT
MEDIUMeth/catalyst/simulated_beacon_api.go65 // It's worth noting that in case a tx ends up in the pool listed asCOMMENT
Example Usage Blocks2 hits · 3 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
LOWethclient/ethclient.go101// Example usage:COMMENT
LOWethclient/ethclient.go242// Example usage:COMMENT
Redundant / Tautological Comments1 hit · 2 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
LOWoss-fuzz.sh73 ## Check if there exists a seed corpus fileCOMMENT
Verbosity Indicators1 hit · 2 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
LOW…ecp256k1/libsecp256k1/include/secp256k1_preallocated.h29 * The purpose of this function is to determine how much memory must be providedCOMMENT
Deep Nesting1 hit · 1 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
LOW…6k1/libsecp256k1/tools/test_vectors_musig2_generate.py454CODE