Packet, where are you? -- eBPF-based Linux kernel networking debugger
This report presents the forensic synthetic code analysis of cilium/pwru, a C project with 3,783 GitHub stars. SynthScan v2.0 examined 104,617 lines of code across 240 source files, recording 317 pattern matches distributed across 3 syntactic categories. The overall adjusted score of 3.5 places this repository in the Likely human-written band.
The scanner applied 160+ deterministic lexical heuristics, multi-line block detectors, abstract syntax tree depth profilers, and a cross-file Jaccard similarity matrix to construct a statistically normalised synthetic code estimate. All matches are individually weighted by severity coefficient and contextual multiplier before summation, and the resulting headline score is temporally discounted to account for the repository's development history relative to the commercial emergence of large language model coding tooling (November 2022 onward).
This chart maps the temporal evolution of the adjusted synthetic code score across successive scan runs. An upward trajectory indicates ongoing incorporation of AI-generated code or expanding LLM-assisted scaffolding; a stable or declining trajectory may reflect active human refactoring, code removal, or the adoption of stricter authorship policies. The dashed secondary line (right axis) independently tracks total raw pattern hit count, which can diverge from the normalised score when codebase size changes significantly between scans.
Classifies detected patterns by their diagnostic confidence and structural impact. CRITICAL patterns (coefficient 10) represent definitive synthetic signatures — hallucinated imports, explicit LLM attribution metadata — virtually never produced by human authors. HIGH (5) indicates strong structural tells such as cross-file repetition or cross-linguistic idioms. MEDIUM (2) covers recognisable conversational padding and AI-specific vocabulary. LOW (1) captures subtle indicators like tautological comments and generic boilerplate that require density to carry independent signal.
This horizontal bar chart decomposes the repository's raw synthetic code score by top-level directory, allowing you to pinpoint precisely which modules or components carry the highest AI authorship density. Directories with disproportionately high scores relative to their size warrant targeted manual review: concentrated AI signatures often trace back to mass-generated configuration layers, auto-ported test suites, LLM-scaffolded boilerplate classes, or entire subsystems authored under heavy copilot assistance. Use this view to prioritise your human code-review effort.
The scanner identified 317 distinct pattern matches across 3 syntactic categories. Each entry below represents a discrete location in the source code where the engine recorded a statistically significant AI authorship indicator. Expand any category row to inspect the individual file paths, line numbers, code snippets, and the lexical context (CODE, COMMENT, or STRING) in which each match was detected.
Reading the findings table: The Severity column indicates the diagnostic confidence level (CRITICAL / HIGH / MEDIUM / LOW). The Context column identifies whether the match occurred inside executable code, an inline comment, or a string literal — comment-context matches receive a ×1.5 weight because LLMs systematically over-annotate. The ⚡ bolt icon marks clustered matches: three or more patterns within a 10-line window, each receiving an additional ×1.5 density multiplier as dense clusters constitute far stronger evidence of synthetic authorship than isolated hits.
| Severity | File | Line | Snippet | Context |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LOW | bpf/kprobe_pwru.c | 1 | // SPDX-License-Identifier: (GPL-2.0-only OR BSD-2-Clause) | COMMENT |
| LOW | bpf/headers/vmlinux.h | 1 | #if defined(__TARGET_ARCH_x86) | COMMENT |
| LOW | bpf/headers/bpf/bpf_endian.h | 41 | * | COMMENT |
| LOW | bpf/headers/bpf/bpf_endian.h | 61 | # define __bpf_constant_be64_to_cpu(x) ___bpf_swab64(x) | COMMENT |
| LOW | bpf/headers/bpf/bpf_ipv6.h | 1 | #include "vmlinux.h" | COMMENT |
| LOW | bpf/headers/bpf/bpf_core_read.h | 361 | #define ___last6(a, b, c, d, e, x) x | COMMENT |
| LOW | bpf/headers/bpf/bpf_core_read.h | 381 | #define ___arrow3(a, b, c) a->b->c | COMMENT |
| LOW | bpf/headers/bpf/bpf_core_read.h | 401 | #define ___rd_p2(fn, ...) ___rd_p1(fn, ___nolast(__VA_ARGS__)) ___rd_last(fn, __VA_ARGS__) | COMMENT |
| LOW | bpf/headers/bpf/bpf_helpers.h | 181 | }; | COMMENT |
| LOW | bpf/headers/bpf/bpf_helpers.h | 201 | }) | COMMENT |
| LOW | bpf/headers/bpf/bpf_helpers.h | 221 | #ifndef ___bpf_narg | COMMENT |
| LOW | bpf/headers/bpf/bpf_tracing.h | 1 | /* SPDX-License-Identifier: (LGPL-2.1 OR BSD-2-Clause) */ | COMMENT |
| LOW | bpf/headers/bpf/bpf_tracing.h | 21 | #define bpf_target_mips | COMMENT |
| LOW | bpf/headers/bpf/bpf_tracing.h | 41 | #if defined(__x86_64__) | COMMENT |
| LOW | bpf/headers/bpf/bpf_tracing.h | 61 | #define bpf_target_defined | COMMENT |
| LOW | bpf/headers/bpf/bpf_tracing.h | 81 | /* | COMMENT |
| LOW | bpf/headers/bpf/bpf_tracing.h | 101 | #define __PT_PARM5_SYSCALL_REG __PT_PARM5_REG | COMMENT |
| LOW | bpf/headers/bpf/bpf_tracing.h | 121 | #define __PT_PARM3_SYSCALL_REG edx | COMMENT |
| LOW | bpf/headers/bpf/bpf_tracing.h | 141 | #define __PT_PARM1_SYSCALL_REG __PT_PARM1_REG | COMMENT |
| LOW | bpf/headers/bpf/bpf_tracing.h | 161 | * https://github.com/IBM/s390x-abi/releases/download/v1.6/lzsabi_s390x.pdf | COMMENT |
| LOW | bpf/headers/bpf/bpf_tracing.h | 181 | #define __PT_PARM6_SYSCALL_REG gprs[7] | COMMENT |
| LOW | bpf/headers/bpf/bpf_tracing.h | 201 | #define __PT_PARM4_REG uregs[3] | COMMENT |
| LOW | bpf/headers/bpf/bpf_tracing.h | 221 | */ | COMMENT |
| LOW | bpf/headers/bpf/bpf_tracing.h | 241 | #define __PT_PARM4_SYSCALL_REG __PT_PARM4_REG | COMMENT |
| LOW | bpf/headers/bpf/bpf_tracing.h | 261 | #define __PT_PARM1_REG regs[4] | COMMENT |
| LOW | bpf/headers/bpf/bpf_tracing.h | 281 | #define __PT_IP_REG cp0_epc | COMMENT |
| LOW | bpf/headers/bpf/bpf_tracing.h | 301 | #define __PT_PARM1_SYSCALL_REG orig_gpr3 | COMMENT |
| LOW | bpf/headers/bpf/bpf_tracing.h | 321 | */ | COMMENT |
| LOW | bpf/headers/bpf/bpf_tracing.h | 361 | #define __PT_PARM2_REG a1 | COMMENT |
| LOW | bpf/headers/bpf/bpf_tracing.h | 381 | #define __PT_RC_REG a0 | COMMENT |
| LOW | bpf/headers/bpf/bpf_tracing.h | 401 | #define __PT_PARM8_REG scratch.r7 | COMMENT |
| LOW | bpf/headers/bpf/bpf_tracing.h | 421 | * https://docs.kernel.org/loongarch/introduction.html | COMMENT |
| LOW | bpf/headers/bpf/bpf_tracing.h | 441 | #define __PT_PARM4_SYSCALL_REG __PT_PARM4_REG | COMMENT |
| LOW | bpf/headers/bpf/bpf_tracing.h | 461 | COMMENT | |
| LOW | bpf/headers/bpf/bpf_tracing.h | 481 | /* | COMMENT |
| LOW | bpf/headers/bpf/bpf_tracing.h | 501 | #define PT_REGS_FP(x) (__PT_REGS_CAST(x)->__PT_FP_REG) | COMMENT |
| LOW | bpf/headers/bpf/bpf_tracing.h | 521 | COMMENT | |
| LOW | bpf/headers/bpf/bpf_tracing.h | 541 | #define PT_REGS_PARM1_CORE_SYSCALL(x) BPF_CORE_READ(__PT_REGS_CAST(x), __PT_PARM1_SYSCALL_REG) | COMMENT |
| LOW | bpf/headers/bpf/bpf_tracing.h | 561 | #define PT_REGS_PARM6_CORE_SYSCALL(x) BPF_CORE_READ(__PT_REGS_CAST(x), __PT_PARM6_SYSCALL_REG) | COMMENT |
| LOW | bpf/headers/bpf/bpf_tracing.h | 581 | #define PT_REGS_SP(x) ({ _Pragma(__BPF_TARGET_MISSING); 0l; }) | COMMENT |
| LOW | bpf/headers/bpf/bpf_tracing.h | 601 | #define PT_REGS_PARM1_SYSCALL(x) ({ _Pragma(__BPF_TARGET_MISSING); 0l; }) | COMMENT |
| LOW | bpf/headers/bpf/bpf_tracing.h | 621 | * struct pt_regs containing syscall arguments and suitable for passing to | COMMENT |
| LOW | bpf/headers/bpf/bpf_tracing.h | 641 | COMMENT | |
| LOW | bpf/headers/bpf/bpf_tracing.h | 701 | __builtin_choose_expr(sizeof(t) == 16, 2, \ | COMMENT |
| LOW | bpf/headers/bpf/bpf_tracing.h | 721 | __builtin_choose_expr(sizeof(t) == 2, ({ union { __u16 z[1]; t x; } ___t = { .z = {ctx[n]} }; ___t.x; }), \ | COMMENT |
| LOW | bpf/headers/bpf/bpf_tracing.h | 741 | COMMENT | |
| LOW | bpf/headers/bpf/bpf_tracing.h | 861 | #define ___bpf_syscall_args7(x, args...) ___bpf_syscall_args6(args), (unsigned long long)PT_REGS_PARM7_SYSCALL(regs) | COMMENT |
| LOW | libpcap/build_matrix.sh | 1 | #!/bin/sh -e | COMMENT |
| LOW | libpcap/savefile.c | 41 | #include <errno.h> | COMMENT |
| LOW | libpcap/sf-pcapng.c | 21 | * sf-pcapng.c - pcapng-file-format-specific code from savefile.c | COMMENT |
| LOW | libpcap/sf-pcapng.c | 121 | }; | COMMENT |
| LOW | libpcap/pcap-dos.c | 1 | /* | COMMENT |
| LOW | libpcap/pcap-dos.c | 21 | #include "msdos/pm_drvr/bios32.h" | COMMENT |
| LOW | libpcap/pcap-dos.c | 41 | #include "msdos/pktdrvr.h" | COMMENT |
| LOW | libpcap/nlpid.h | 21 | /* | COMMENT |
| LOW | libpcap/nlpid.h | 41 | #define ISIS_L1_LAN_IIH 15 | COMMENT |
| LOW | libpcap/pcap-sita.c | 21 | * | COMMENT |
| LOW | libpcap/sf-pcap.c | 41 | #include <errno.h> | COMMENT |
| LOW | libpcap/CMakeLists.txt | 21 | # WE KNOW WHAT WE'RE DOING, WE'RE DOING EVERYTHING THE WAY THAT NEWER | COMMENT |
| LOW | libpcap/CMakeLists.txt | 41 | # infiniband/verbs.h for the reason. | COMMENT |
| 245 more matches not shown… | ||||
| Severity | File | Line | Snippet | Context |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HIGH⚡ | libpcap/pcap-common.c | 607 | * FlexRay automotive bus - http://www.flexray.com/ - as requested | COMMENT |
| HIGH⚡ | libpcap/pcap-common.c | 614 | * transport - https://www.mostcooperation.com/ - as requested | COMMENT |
| HIGH⚡ | libpcap/pcap-common.c | 621 | * http://www.lin-subbus.org/ - as requested by Hannes Kaelber | COMMENT |
| HIGH⚡ | libpcap/pcap/dlt.h | 933 | * FlexRay automotive bus - http://www.flexray.com/ - as requested | COMMENT |
| HIGH⚡ | libpcap/pcap/dlt.h | 940 | * transport - https://www.mostcooperation.com/ - as requested | COMMENT |
| HIGH⚡ | libpcap/pcap/dlt.h | 947 | * http://www.lin-subbus.org/ - as requested by Hannes Kaelber | COMMENT |
| Severity | File | Line | Snippet | Context |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HIGH | libpcap/testprogs/visopts.py | 65 | var leftsvg = null; | CODE |
| HIGH | libpcap/testprogs/visopts.py | 66 | var rightsvg = null; | CODE |
| HIGH | libpcap/testprogs/visopts.py | 121 | if (doc == null) { | CODE |
| HIGH | libpcap/testprogs/visopts.py | 134 | if (doc == null) { | CODE |
| HIGH | libpcap/testprogs/visopts.py | 150 | leftsvg = null; | CODE |
| HIGH | libpcap/testprogs/visopts.py | 159 | rightsvg = null; | CODE |