Repository Analysis

ProvableHQ/leo

🦁 The Leo Programming Language. A Programming Language for Formally Verified, Zero-Knowledge Applications

4.7 Likely human-written View on GitHub

Analysis Overview

This report presents the forensic synthetic code analysis of ProvableHQ/leo, a Rust project with 4,823 GitHub stars. SynthScan v2.0 examined 154,288 lines of code across 868 source files, recording 609 pattern matches distributed across 6 syntactic categories. The overall adjusted score of 4.7 places this repository in the Likely human-written band.

The scanner applied 160+ deterministic lexical heuristics, multi-line block detectors, abstract syntax tree depth profilers, and a cross-file Jaccard similarity matrix to construct a statistically normalised synthetic code estimate. All matches are individually weighted by severity coefficient and contextual multiplier before summation, and the resulting headline score is temporally discounted to account for the repository's development history relative to the commercial emergence of large language model coding tooling (November 2022 onward).

4.7
Adjusted Score
4.7
Raw Score
100%
Time Factor
2026-07-30
Last Push
4.8K
Stars
Rust
Language
154.3K
Lines of Code
868
Files
609
Pattern Hits
2026-08-02
Scan Date
0.00
HC Hit Rate

What These Metrics Mean

Adjusted Score
Primary synthetic code indicator. Raw score normalised per 1,000 lines of code and multiplied by the temporal discount factor. This is the definitive comparative metric — use it to rank repositories by AI authorship density.
Raw Score
The unmodified sum of all severity-weighted, context-multiplied pattern match scores before temporal discounting. Reflects the absolute signal strength independent of when the repository was last active.
Time Factor
The temporal discount multiplier (0–100%) applied to the raw score. Repositories last updated before ChatGPT's launch (Nov 2022) receive a 5% factor. Full signal is only assigned to repositories active in the post-adoption era (Jan 2024+).
Pattern Hits
Total count of individual pattern matches across all files and categories. A high hit count with a low score may indicate a very large codebase with isolated AI snippets; a low count with a high score indicates dense, concentrated AI signatures.
HC Hit Rate
High+Critical pattern hits per file, averaged across the repository. This orthogonal signal catches repositories where a few files are densely packed with high-severity AI tells — a strong indicator even when the normalised score appears moderate due to codebase size.
Lines of Code / Files
Total lines and files analysed. The scanner examines 94 file extensions. These denominators are used to normalise the score, enabling fair comparison between repositories of vastly different sizes.

Score History

Longitudinal tracking requires multiple scan runs. Once this repository is re-scanned after new commits land, this chart will visualise how the synthetic code signal evolves over time — enabling you to detect whether AI authorship is growing, stabilising, or being actively corrected by human engineers.

No multi-scan history yet — run the scanner again to build trend data.

Severity Breakdown

Classifies detected patterns by their diagnostic confidence and structural impact. CRITICAL patterns (coefficient 10) represent definitive synthetic signatures — hallucinated imports, explicit LLM attribution metadata — virtually never produced by human authors. HIGH (5) indicates strong structural tells such as cross-file repetition or cross-linguistic idioms. MEDIUM (2) covers recognisable conversational padding and AI-specific vocabulary. LOW (1) captures subtle indicators like tautological comments and generic boilerplate that require density to carry independent signal.

CRITICAL 0HIGH 0MEDIUM 49LOW 560

Directory Score Breakdown

This horizontal bar chart decomposes the repository's raw synthetic code score by top-level directory, allowing you to pinpoint precisely which modules or components carry the highest AI authorship density. Directories with disproportionately high scores relative to their size warrant targeted manual review: concentrated AI signatures often trace back to mass-generated configuration layers, auto-ported test suites, LLM-scaffolded boilerplate classes, or entire subsystems authored under heavy copilot assistance. Use this view to prioritise your human code-review effort.

Pattern Findings

The scanner identified 609 distinct pattern matches across 6 syntactic categories. Each entry below represents a discrete location in the source code where the engine recorded a statistically significant AI authorship indicator. Expand any category row to inspect the individual file paths, line numbers, code snippets, and the lexical context (CODE, COMMENT, or STRING) in which each match was detected.

Reading the findings table: The Severity column indicates the diagnostic confidence level (CRITICAL / HIGH / MEDIUM / LOW). The Context column identifies whether the match occurred inside executable code, an inline comment, or a string literal — comment-context matches receive a ×1.5 weight because LLMs systematically over-annotate. The ⚡ bolt icon marks clustered matches: three or more patterns within a 10-line window, each receiving an additional ×1.5 density multiplier as dense clusters constitute far stronger evidence of synthetic authorship than isolated hits.

Over-Commented Block554 hits · 554 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
LOWtree-sitter/src/tree_sitter/parser.h1#ifndef TREE_SITTER_PARSER_H_COMMENT
LOWtree-sitter/src/tree_sitter/array.h1#ifndef TREE_SITTER_ARRAY_H_COMMENT
LOWtree-sitter/src/tree_sitter/array.h41 (assert((uint32_t)(_index) < (self)->size), &(self)->contents[_index])COMMENT
LOWtree-sitter/src/tree_sitter/array.h101COMMENT
LOWtree-sitter/src/tree_sitter/array.h121/// callback to determine the order.COMMENT
LOWtree-sitter/src/tree_sitter/array.h281#ifdef _MSC_VERCOMMENT
LOWtree-sitter/src/tree_sitter/alloc.h21#define ts_malloc ts_current_mallocCOMMENT
LOWtree-sitter/src/tree_sitter/alloc.h41#ifndef ts_reallocCOMMENT
LOWcrates/leo-aleo-abi-wasm/src/lib.rs1// Copyright (C) 2019-2026 Provable Inc.COMMENT
LOWcrates/fmt/tests/harness.rs1// Copyright (C) 2019-2026 Provable Inc.COMMENT
LOWcrates/fmt/tests/harness.rs161 expected_path.display()COMMENT
LOWcrates/fmt/tests/harness.rs461 });COMMENT
LOWcrates/fmt/src/format.rs1// Copyright (C) 2019-2026 Provable Inc.COMMENT
LOWcrates/fmt/src/lib.rs1// Copyright (C) 2019-2026 Provable Inc.COMMENT
LOWcrates/fmt/src/lib.rs61/// Used by both the standalone `leo-fmt` binary and `leo fmt` command.COMMENT
LOWcrates/fmt/src/output.rs1// Copyright (C) 2019-2026 Provable Inc.COMMENT
LOWcrates/fmt/src/main.rs1// Copyright (C) 2019-2026 Provable Inc.COMMENT
LOWcrates/tree-sitter-leo/tests/rowan_compat.rs1// Copyright (C) 2019-2026 Provable Inc.COMMENT
LOWcrates/tree-sitter-leo/bindings/rust/lib.rs1// Copyright (C) 2019-2026 Provable Inc.COMMENT
LOWcrates/tree-sitter-leo/bindings/rust/lib.rs21//! tree-sitter [`Parser`], and then use the parser to parse some code:COMMENT
LOWcrates/tree-sitter-leo/bindings/rust/build.rs1// Copyright (C) 2019-2026 Provable Inc.COMMENT
LOWcrates/passes/src/test_passes.rs1// Copyright (C) 2019-2026 Provable Inc.COMMENT
LOWcrates/passes/src/test_passes.rs341COMMENT
LOWcrates/passes/src/global_items_collection.rs1// Copyright (C) 2019-2026 Provable Inc.COMMENT
LOWcrates/passes/src/global_items_collection.rs21//! variables, along with their associated types. It operates only on *resolved*COMMENT
LOWcrates/passes/src/remove_unreachable.rs1// Copyright (C) 2019-2026 Provable Inc.COMMENT
LOWcrates/passes/src/pass.rs1// Copyright (C) 2019-2026 Provable Inc.COMMENT
LOWcrates/passes/src/lib.rs1// Copyright (C) 2019-2026 Provable Inc.COMMENT
LOWcrates/passes/src/global_vars_collection.rs1// Copyright (C) 2019-2026 Provable Inc.COMMENT
LOWcrates/passes/src/global_vars_collection.rs21//! it inserts constants, mappings, and storage variables into the symbol tableCOMMENT
LOWcrates/passes/src/library_pruning.rs1// Copyright (C) 2019-2026 Provable Inc.COMMENT
LOWcrates/passes/src/disambiguate.rs1// Copyright (C) 2019-2026 Provable Inc.COMMENT
LOWcrates/passes/src/const_prop_unroll_and_morphing.rs1// Copyright (C) 2019-2026 Provable Inc.COMMENT
LOWcrates/passes/src/cei_analysis/cross_layer_taint.rs1// Copyright (C) 2019-2026 Provable Inc.COMMENT
LOWcrates/passes/src/cei_analysis/mod.rs1// Copyright (C) 2019-2026 Provable Inc.COMMENT
LOWcrates/passes/src/cei_analysis/ordering.rs1// Copyright (C) 2019-2026 Provable Inc.COMMENT
LOWcrates/passes/src/cei_analysis/ordering.rs21//! to `Final::run()`). An interaction cedes control to another program'sCOMMENT
LOWcrates/passes/src/storage_lowering/mod.rs1// Copyright (C) 2019-2026 Provable Inc.COMMENT
LOWcrates/passes/src/storage_lowering/mod.rs21//! `Mapping` instances, and all read/write operations are rewritten as `Mapping::get`, `Mapping::set`, orCOMMENT
LOWcrates/passes/src/storage_lowering/mod.rs41//! storage vec: [u32];COMMENT
LOWcrates/passes/src/storage_lowering/mod.rs61//! Mapping::set(vec__len__, false, $len_var + 1u32);COMMENT
LOWcrates/passes/src/storage_lowering/mod.rs81//!COMMENT
LOWcrates/passes/src/storage_lowering/program.rs1// Copyright (C) 2019-2026 Provable Inc.COMMENT
LOWcrates/passes/src/storage_lowering/program.rs101 // how the value is stored in lower-level form.COMMENT
LOWcrates/passes/src/storage_lowering/ast.rs1// Copyright (C) 2019-2026 Provable Inc.COMMENT
LOWcrates/passes/src/storage_lowering/ast.rs101 .get(&value_expr.id())COMMENT
LOWcrates/passes/src/storage_lowering/visitor.rs1// Copyright (C) 2019-2026 Provable Inc.COMMENT
LOWcrates/passes/src/storage_lowering/visitor.rs421 // No transformation needed for mappings.COMMENT
LOWcrates/passes/src/type_checking/scope_state.rs1// Copyright (C) 2019-2026 Provable Inc.COMMENT
LOWcrates/passes/src/type_checking/mod.rs1// Copyright (C) 2019-2026 Provable Inc.COMMENT
LOWcrates/passes/src/type_checking/program.rs1// Copyright (C) 2019-2026 Provable Inc.COMMENT
LOWcrates/passes/src/type_checking/ast.rs1// Copyright (C) 2019-2026 Provable Inc.COMMENT
LOWcrates/passes/src/type_checking/ast.rs281 }COMMENT
LOWcrates/passes/src/type_checking/visitor.rs1// Copyright (C) 2019-2026 Provable Inc.COMMENT
LOWcrates/passes/src/type_checking/visitor.rs41/// Where in the program text a snarkVM-bound access operation is permitted.COMMENT
LOWcrates/passes/src/type_checking/visitor.rs61 /// The state of the current scope being traversed.COMMENT
LOWcrates/passes/src/type_checking/visitor.rs421 arguments.len(),COMMENT
LOWcrates/passes/src/peephole_optimization/mod.rs1// Copyright (C) 2019-2026 Provable Inc.COMMENT
LOWcrates/passes/src/processing_async/mod.rs1// Copyright (C) 2019-2026 Provable Inc.COMMENT
LOWcrates/passes/src/processing_async/mod.rs21//! This involves:COMMENT
494 more matches not shown…
Decorative Section Separators43 hits · 152 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
MEDIUMcrates/leo/src/cli/commands/execute.rs727 // ── Warnings ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMcrates/leo/src/cli/commands/deploy.rs187// ── Extracted helpers ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMcrates/leo/src/cli/commands/deploy.rs591// ── Single-package deploy ───────────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMcrates/leo/src/cli/commands/deploy.rs642// ── Workspace deploy ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMcrates/leo/src/cli/commands/deploy.rs808 // ── Configuration ────────────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMcrates/leo/src/cli/commands/deploy.rs816 // ── Workspace members ───────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMcrates/leo/src/cli/commands/deploy.rs844 // ── Remote dependencies ──────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMcrates/leo/src/cli/commands/deploy.rs853 // ── Actions ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMcrates/leo/src/cli/commands/deploy.rs871 // ── Warnings ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMcrates/leo/src/cli/commands/deploy.rs882// ── Unchanged helpers ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMcrates/leo/src/cli/commands/deploy.rs1058 // ── Configuration ────────────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMcrates/leo/src/cli/commands/deploy.rs1066 // ── Deployment tasks (bullet list) ───────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMcrates/leo/src/cli/commands/deploy.rs1083 // ── Skipped programs ─────────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMcrates/leo/src/cli/commands/deploy.rs1091 // ── Remote dependencies ──────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMcrates/leo/src/cli/commands/deploy.rs1100 // ── Actions ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMcrates/leo/src/cli/commands/deploy.rs1118 // ── Warnings ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMcrates/leo/src/cli/commands/devnet/child_manager.rs65 // ── 1) Polite pass ──────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMcrates/leo/src/cli/commands/devnet/child_manager.rs85 // ── 2) Wait for orderly exit ────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMcrates/leo/src/cli/commands/devnet/child_manager.rs95 // ── 3) Escalate to hard kill for survivors ──────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMcrates/leo/src/cli/commands/devnet/child_manager.rs114 // ── 4) Final reap (avoid zombies) ───────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMcrates/leo/src/cli/commands/devnet/windows_kill_tree.rs48//──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMcrates/leo/src/cli/commands/devnet/windows_kill_tree.rs50//──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMcrates/leo/src/cli/commands/devnet/windows_kill_tree.rs128//──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMcrates/leo/src/cli/commands/devnet/windows_kill_tree.rs130//──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMcrates/leo/src/cli/commands/devnet/windows_kill_tree.rs137//──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMcrates/leo/src/cli/commands/devnet/windows_kill_tree.rs139//──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMcrates/leo/src/cli/commands/devnet/mod.rs121 //───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMcrates/leo/src/cli/commands/devnet/mod.rs123 //───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMcrates/leo/src/cli/commands/devnet/mod.rs128 //───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMcrates/leo/src/cli/commands/devnet/mod.rs130 //───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMcrates/leo/src/cli/commands/devnet/mod.rs214 //───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMcrates/leo/src/cli/commands/devnet/mod.rs216 //───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMcrates/leo/src/cli/commands/devnet/mod.rs224 //───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMcrates/leo/src/cli/commands/devnet/mod.rs226 //───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMcrates/leo/src/cli/commands/devnet/mod.rs271 //───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMcrates/leo/src/cli/commands/devnet/mod.rs273 //───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMcrates/leo/src/cli/commands/devnet/mod.rs321 //───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMcrates/leo/src/cli/commands/devnet/mod.rs323 //───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMcrates/leo/src/cli/commands/devnet/mod.rs415 //────────────── tmux branch ──────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMcrates/leo/src/cli/commands/devnet/mod.rs508 //──────────── background branch ──────────COMMENT
MEDIUMcrates/leo/src/cli/commands/devnet/utilities.rs32 //───────────────── 1. resolve & prepare directories ─────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMcrates/leo/src/cli/commands/devnet/utilities.rs37 //───────────────── 2. `cargo install` into <root> ───────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMcrates/leo/src/cli/commands/devnet/utilities.rs50 //───────────────── 3. link / copy to requested path ─────────────────COMMENT
Self-Referential Comments5 hits · 15 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
MEDIUMcrates/parser-rowan/Cargo.toml2# This file is part of the Leo library.COMMENT
MEDIUM.circleci/leo-clean.sh1# Create a new Leo program named `foo`.COMMENT
MEDIUM.circleci/leo-new.sh5# Create a new dummy Leo program and verify run + test work.COMMENT
MEDIUM.circleci/leo-new.sh27# Create a new dummy Leo library and verify build + test work.COMMENT
MEDIUM.circleci/tictactoe/run.sh8# Create a new game.COMMENT
Structural Annotation Overuse4 hits · 6 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
LOWDEVELOPMENT.md5### Step 1: Install CircleCICOMMENT
LOWDEVELOPMENT.md25### Step 2: Run CircleCICOMMENT
LOWcrates/passes/src/option_lowering/mod.rs130 // Step 1: Extract a usable type nameCOMMENT
LOWcrates/passes/src/option_lowering/mod.rs164 // Step 3: Build symbol that ends with `?`.COMMENT
Verbosity Indicators2 hits · 3 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
LOWcrates/passes/src/option_lowering/mod.rs130 // Step 1: Extract a usable type nameCOMMENT
LOWcrates/passes/src/option_lowering/mod.rs164 // Step 3: Build symbol that ends with `?`.COMMENT
AI Slop Vocabulary1 hit · 3 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
MEDIUMcrates/lsp/src/semantics.rs606 // is robust to AST traversal order.COMMENT