Kludex/starlette

17.1

Adjusted Score

17.1

Raw Score

100%

Time Factor

2026-07-04

Last Push

12.5K

Stars

Python

Language

24.3K

Lines of Code

110

Files

419

Pattern Hits

2026-07-14

Scan Date

0.02

HC Hit Rate

What These Metrics Mean

Adjusted Score: Primary synthetic code indicator. Raw score normalised per 1,000 lines of code and multiplied by the temporal discount factor. This is the definitive comparative metric — use it to rank repositories by AI authorship density.
Raw Score: The unmodified sum of all severity-weighted, context-multiplied pattern match scores before temporal discounting. Reflects the absolute signal strength independent of when the repository was last active.
Time Factor: The temporal discount multiplier (0–100%) applied to the raw score. Repositories last updated before ChatGPT's launch (Nov 2022) receive a 5% factor. Full signal is only assigned to repositories active in the post-adoption era (Jan 2024+).
Pattern Hits: Total count of individual pattern matches across all files and categories. A high hit count with a low score may indicate a very large codebase with isolated AI snippets; a low count with a high score indicates dense, concentrated AI signatures.
HC Hit Rate: High+Critical pattern hits per file, averaged across the repository. This orthogonal signal catches repositories where a few files are densely packed with high-severity AI tells — a strong indicator even when the normalised score appears moderate due to codebase size.
Lines of Code / Files: Total lines and files analysed. The scanner examines 94 file extensions. These denominators are used to normalise the score, enabling fair comparison between repositories of vastly different sizes.

Score History

This chart maps the temporal evolution of the adjusted synthetic code score across successive scan runs. An upward trajectory indicates ongoing incorporation of AI-generated code or expanding LLM-assisted scaffolding; a stable or declining trajectory may reflect active human refactoring, code removal, or the adoption of stricter authorship policies. The dashed secondary line (right axis) independently tracks total raw pattern hit count, which can diverge from the normalised score when codebase size changes significantly between scans.

Severity Breakdown

Classifies detected patterns by their diagnostic confidence and structural impact. CRITICAL patterns (coefficient 10) represent definitive synthetic signatures — hallucinated imports, explicit LLM attribution metadata — virtually never produced by human authors. HIGH (5) indicates strong structural tells such as cross-file repetition or cross-linguistic idioms. MEDIUM (2) covers recognisable conversational padding and AI-specific vocabulary. LOW (1) captures subtle indicators like tautological comments and generic boilerplate that require density to carry independent signal.

CRITICAL 0HIGH 2MEDIUM 5LOW 412

Directory Score Breakdown

This horizontal bar chart decomposes the repository's raw synthetic code score by top-level directory, allowing you to pinpoint precisely which modules or components carry the highest AI authorship density. Directories with disproportionately high scores relative to their size warrant targeted manual review: concentrated AI signatures often trace back to mass-generated configuration layers, auto-ported test suites, LLM-scaffolded boilerplate classes, or entire subsystems authored under heavy copilot assistance. Use this view to prioritise your human code-review effort.

Pattern Findings

The scanner identified 419 distinct pattern matches across 13 syntactic categories. Each entry below represents a discrete location in the source code where the engine recorded a statistically significant AI authorship indicator. Expand any category row to inspect the individual file paths, line numbers, code snippets, and the lexical context (CODE, COMMENT, or STRING) in which each match was detected.

Reading the findings table: The Severity column indicates the diagnostic confidence level (CRITICAL / HIGH / MEDIUM / LOW). The Context column identifies whether the match occurred inside executable code, an inline comment, or a string literal — comment-context matches receive a ×1.5 weight because LLMs systematically over-annotate. The ⚡ bolt icon marks clustered matches: three or more patterns within a 10-line window, each receiving an additional ×1.5 density multiplier as dense clusters constitute far stronger evidence of synthetic authorship than isolated hits.

Hyper-Verbose Identifiers322 hits · 303 pts

Severity	File	Line	Snippet	Context
LOW	starlette/responses.py	154	def _wrap_websocket_denial_send(self, send: Send) -> Send:	CODE
LOW	starlette/routing.py	540	def _wrap_gen_lifespan_context(	CODE
LOW	starlette/_exception_handler.py	16	def _lookup_exception_handler(exc_handlers: ExceptionHandlers, exc: Exception) -> ExceptionHandler \| None:	CODE
LOW	starlette/_exception_handler.py	23	def wrap_app_handling_exceptions(app: ASGIApp, conn: Request \| WebSocket) -> ASGIApp:	CODE
LOW	starlette/_utils.py	83	async def create_collapsing_task_group() -> AsyncGenerator[anyio.abc.TaskGroup, None]:	CODE
LOW	tests/test_datastructures.py	184	def test_url_from_scope_with_invalid_host(host: bytes) -> None:	CODE
LOW	tests/test_datastructures.py	209	def test_url_from_scope_with_authority_in_path(path: str, expected_path: str, with_host_header: bool) -> None:	CODE
LOW⚡	tests/test_datastructures.py	269	def test_mutable_headers_merge() -> None:	CODE
LOW⚡	tests/test_datastructures.py	278	def test_mutable_headers_merge_dict() -> None:	CODE
LOW⚡	tests/test_datastructures.py	287	def test_mutable_headers_update() -> None:	CODE
LOW⚡	tests/test_datastructures.py	296	def test_mutable_headers_update_dict() -> None:	CODE
LOW⚡	tests/test_datastructures.py	305	def test_mutable_headers_merge_not_mapping() -> None:	CODE
LOW	tests/test_datastructures.py	321	def test_mutable_headers_from_scope() -> None:	CODE
LOW	tests/test_datastructures.py	373	async def test_upload_file_file_input() -> None:	CODE
LOW	tests/test_datastructures.py	387	async def test_upload_file_without_size() -> None:	CODE
LOW	tests/test_datastructures.py	457	async def test_upload_file_repr_headers() -> None:	CODE
LOW	tests/test_concurrency.py	16	async def test_run_until_first_complete() -> None:	CODE
LOW	tests/test_concurrency.py	33	def test_accessing_context_from_threaded_sync_endpoint(	CODE
LOW	tests/test_concurrency.py	50	async def test_iterate_in_threadpool() -> None:	CODE
LOW	tests/test_templates.py	37	def test_templates_autoescape(tmp_path: Path) -> None:	CODE
LOW	tests/test_templates.py	49	def test_calls_context_processors(tmp_path: Path, test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None:	CODE
LOW	tests/test_templates.py	77	def test_template_with_middleware(tmpdir: Path, test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None:	CODE
LOW	tests/test_templates.py	103	def test_templates_with_directories(tmp_path: Path, test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None:	CODE
LOW⚡	tests/test_templates.py	138	def test_templates_require_directory_or_environment() -> None:	CODE
LOW⚡	tests/test_templates.py	143	def test_templates_require_directory_or_environment_not_both() -> None:	CODE
LOW⚡	tests/test_templates.py	148	def test_templates_with_directory(tmpdir: Path) -> None:	CODE
LOW⚡	tests/test_templates.py	158	def test_templates_with_environment(tmpdir: Path, test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None:	CODE
LOW⚡	tests/test_endpoints.py	37	def test_http_endpoint_route_path_params(client: TestClient) -> None:	CODE
LOW⚡	tests/test_endpoints.py	43	def test_http_endpoint_route_method(client: TestClient) -> None:	CODE
LOW⚡	tests/test_endpoints.py	50	def test_http_endpoint_does_not_dispatch_non_verb_method(test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None:	CODE
LOW	tests/test_endpoints.py	67	def test_websocket_endpoint_on_connect(test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None:	CODE
LOW	tests/test_endpoints.py	78	def test_websocket_endpoint_on_receive_bytes(	CODE
LOW	tests/test_endpoints.py	98	def test_websocket_endpoint_on_receive_json(	CODE
LOW	tests/test_endpoints.py	118	def test_websocket_endpoint_on_receive_json_binary(	CODE
LOW	tests/test_endpoints.py	134	def test_websocket_endpoint_on_receive_text(	CODE
LOW	tests/test_endpoints.py	154	def test_websocket_endpoint_on_default(test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None:	CODE
LOW	tests/test_endpoints.py	168	def test_websocket_endpoint_on_disconnect(	CODE
LOW	tests/test_convertors.py	63	def test_default_float_convertor(test_client_factory: TestClientFactory, param: str, status_code: int) -> None:	CODE
LOW	tests/test_convertors.py	86	def test_default_uuid_convertor(test_client_factory: TestClientFactory, param: str, status_code: int) -> None:	CODE
LOW	tests/test_exceptions.py	108	def test_websockets_should_raise(client: TestClient) -> None:	CODE
LOW	tests/test_exceptions.py	114	def test_handled_exc_after_response(test_client_factory: TestClientFactory, client: TestClient) -> None:	CODE
LOW	tests/test_exceptions.py	185	def test_request_in_app_and_handler_is_the_same_object(client: TestClient) -> None:	CODE
LOW	tests/test_exceptions.py	191	def test_http_exception_does_not_use_threadpool(client: TestClient, monkeypatch: MonkeyPatch) -> None:	CODE
LOW	tests/test_exceptions.py	210	def test_handlers_annotations() -> None:	CODE
LOW	tests/test_testclient.py	50	def test_use_testclient_in_endpoint(test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None:	CODE
LOW	tests/test_testclient.py	70	def test_testclient_headers_behavior() -> None:	CODE
LOW	tests/test_testclient.py	89	def test_use_testclient_as_contextmanager(test_client_factory: TestClientFactory, anyio_backend_name: str) -> None:	CODE
LOW	tests/test_testclient.py	180	def test_exception_in_middleware(test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None:	CODE
LOW	tests/test_testclient.py	233	def test_websocket_blocking_receive(test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None:	CODE
LOW	tests/test_testclient.py	258	def test_websocket_not_block_on_close(test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None:	CODE
LOW	tests/test_testclient.py	293	def test_client_custom_client(test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None:	CODE
LOW	tests/test_testclient.py	335	def test_domain_restricted_cookies(test_client_factory: TestClientFactory, domain: str, ok: bool) -> None:	CODE
LOW	tests/test_testclient.py	361	def test_forward_follow_redirects(test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None:	CODE
LOW	tests/test_testclient.py	374	def test_forward_nofollow_redirects(test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None:	CODE
LOW	tests/test_testclient.py	384	def test_with_duplicate_headers(test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None:	CODE
LOW	tests/test_testclient.py	404	def test_raw_path_with_querystring(test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None:	CODE
LOW	tests/test_testclient.py	414	def test_websocket_raw_path_without_params(test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None:	CODE
LOW	tests/test__utils.py	58	def test_async_partial_object_call() -> None:	CODE
LOW	tests/test__utils.py	80	def test_async_nested_partial() -> None:	CODE
LOW	tests/test__utils.py	91	def test_async_mocked_async_function() -> None:	CODE
262 more matches not shown…

Unused Imports45 hits · 43 pts

Severity	File	Line	Context
LOW	starlette/responses.py	1	CODE
LOW	starlette/config.py	1	CODE
LOW	starlette/templating.py	1	CODE
LOW	starlette/websockets.py	1	CODE
LOW	starlette/applications.py	1	CODE
LOW	starlette/concurrency.py	1	CODE
LOW	starlette/background.py	1	CODE
LOW	starlette/types.py	6	CODE
LOW	starlette/types.py	7	CODE
LOW	starlette/types.py	8	CODE
LOW	starlette/convertors.py	1	CODE
LOW	starlette/staticfiles.py	1	CODE
LOW	starlette/schemas.py	1	CODE
LOW	starlette/routing.py	1	CODE
LOW	starlette/authentication.py	1	CODE
LOW	starlette/testclient.py	1	CODE
LOW	starlette/_exception_handler.py	1	CODE
LOW	starlette/exceptions.py	1	CODE
LOW	starlette/requests.py	1	CODE
LOW	starlette/datastructures.py	1	CODE
LOW	starlette/endpoints.py	1	CODE
LOW	starlette/formparsers.py	1	CODE
LOW	starlette/_utils.py	1	CODE
LOW	starlette/status.py	9	CODE
LOW	starlette/middleware/sessions.py	1	CODE
LOW	starlette/middleware/cors.py	1	CODE
LOW	starlette/middleware/__init__.py	1	CODE
LOW	starlette/middleware/trustedhost.py	1	CODE
LOW	starlette/middleware/authentication.py	1	CODE
LOW	starlette/middleware/exceptions.py	1	CODE
LOW	starlette/middleware/errors.py	1	CODE
LOW	starlette/middleware/base.py	1	CODE
LOW	starlette/middleware/wsgi.py	1	CODE
LOW	tests/conftest.py	1	CODE
LOW	tests/test_templates.py	1	CODE
LOW	tests/test_testclient.py	1	CODE
LOW	tests/types.py	1	CODE
LOW	tests/test_authentication.py	1	CODE
LOW	tests/test_routing.py	1	CODE
LOW	tests/test_applications.py	1	CODE
LOW	tests/test_requests.py	1	CODE
LOW	tests/test_responses.py	1	CODE
LOW	tests/test_formparsers.py	1	CODE
LOW	tests/middleware/test_gzip.py	1	CODE
LOW	tests/middleware/test_base.py	1	CODE

Deep Nesting17 hits · 17 pts

Severity	File	Line	Context
LOW	starlette/websockets.py	59	CODE
LOW	starlette/staticfiles.py	109	CODE
LOW	starlette/schemas.py	40	CODE
LOW	starlette/routing.py	420	CODE
LOW	starlette/routing.py	486	CODE
LOW	starlette/authentication.py	25	CODE
LOW	starlette/authentication.py	32	CODE
LOW	starlette/testclient.py	150	CODE
LOW	starlette/testclient.py	225	CODE
LOW	starlette/testclient.py	300	CODE
LOW	starlette/requests.py	268	CODE
LOW	starlette/endpoints.py	70	CODE
LOW	starlette/endpoints.py	91	CODE
LOW	starlette/formparsers.py	105	CODE
LOW	starlette/middleware/gzip.py	48	CODE
LOW	starlette/middleware/cors.py	107	CODE
LOW	starlette/middleware/errors.py	149	CODE

Cross-Language Confusion2 hits · 10 pts

Severity	File	Line	Snippet	Context
HIGH	starlette/config.py	90	default: Any = undefined,	CODE
HIGH	starlette/config.py	98	default: Any = undefined,	CODE

Self-Referential Comments3 hits · 9 pts

Severity	File	Line	Snippet	Context
MEDIUM	starlette/requests.py	193	# Create a state instance with a reference to the dict in which it should	COMMENT
MEDIUM	starlette/formparsers.py	115	# Create the parser.	COMMENT
MEDIUM	starlette/formparsers.py	271	# Create the parser.	COMMENT

AI Structural Patterns10 hits · 8 pts

Severity	File	Line	Context
LOW	starlette/responses.py	89	CODE
LOW	starlette/testclient.py	381	CODE
LOW	starlette/testclient.py	429	CODE
LOW	starlette/testclient.py	539	CODE
LOW	starlette/testclient.py	570	CODE
LOW	starlette/testclient.py	601	CODE
LOW	starlette/middleware/cors.py	16	CODE
LOW	tests/test_staticfiles.py	56	CODE
LOW	tests/middleware/test_base.py	137	CODE
LOW	tests/middleware/test_base.py	957	CODE

Excessive Try-Catch Wrapping7 hits · 8 pts

Severity	File	Line	Snippet	Context
LOW	starlette/_exception_handler.py	43	except Exception as exc:	CODE
LOW	starlette/endpoints.py	85	except Exception as exc:	CODE
LOW	starlette/middleware/errors.py	165	except Exception as exc:	STRING
LOW	starlette/middleware/base.py	145	except Exception as exc:	CODE
LOW⚡	tests/middleware/test_base.py	1277	except Exception:	CODE
LOW⚡	tests/middleware/test_base.py	1283	except Exception as e:	CODE
LOW	docs/middleware.md	642	except Exception as exc:	CODE

Dead Code2 hits · 4 pts

Severity	File	Line	Snippet	Context
MEDIUM	tests/test_testclient.py	171		CODE
MEDIUM	tests/test_routing.py	697		CODE

Modern Structural Boilerplate3 hits · 3 pts

Severity	File	Line	Snippet	Context
LOW	starlette/responses.py	330	def set_stat_headers(self, stat_result: os.stat_result) -> None:	CODE
LOW	starlette/templating.py	101	def _setup_env_defaults(self, env: jinja2.Environment) -> None:	CODE
LOW	starlette/status.py	15	__all__ = [	CODE

Redundant / Tautological Comments2 hits · 3 pts

Severity	File	Line	Snippet	Context
LOW	starlette/staticfiles.py	136	# Check if we have 'index.html' file to serve.	COMMENT
LOW	starlette/formparsers.py	277	# Write file data, it needs to use await with the UploadFile methods	COMMENT

AI Slop Vocabulary2 hits · 3 pts

Severity	File	Line	Snippet	Context
LOW	starlette/routing.py	614	# returning the response. For plain ASGI apps, just return the response.	COMMENT
LOW	starlette/endpoints.py	51	# returning the response. For plain ASGI apps, just return the response.	COMMENT

Overly Generic Function Names2 hits · 2 pts

Severity	File	Line	Snippet	Context
LOW	starlette/testclient.py	225	def handle_request(self, request: httpx.Request) -> httpx.Response:	CODE
LOW	tests/test_routing.py	769	async def my_method(self, request: Request) -> None: ... # pragma: no cover	CODE

Fake / Example Data2 hits · 2 pts

Severity	File	Line	Snippet	Context
LOW	docs/applications.md	27	username = "John Doe"	CODE
LOW	docs/applications.md	65	app.state.ADMIN_EMAIL = 'admin@example.org'	CODE

Analysis Overview

What These Metrics Mean

Score History

Severity Breakdown

Directory Score Breakdown

Pattern Findings