A Proof-oriented Programming Language
This report presents the forensic synthetic code analysis of FStarLang/FStar, a F* project with 3,068 GitHub stars. SynthScan v2.0 examined 27,951 lines of code across 221 source files, recording 83 pattern matches distributed across 12 syntactic categories. The overall adjusted score of 5.7 places this repository in the Low AI signal band.
The scanner applied 160+ deterministic lexical heuristics, multi-line block detectors, abstract syntax tree depth profilers, and a cross-file Jaccard similarity matrix to construct a statistically normalised synthetic code estimate. All matches are individually weighted by severity coefficient and contextual multiplier before summation, and the resulting headline score is temporally discounted to account for the repository's development history relative to the commercial emergence of large language model coding tooling (November 2022 onward).
This chart maps the temporal evolution of the adjusted synthetic code score across successive scan runs. An upward trajectory indicates ongoing incorporation of AI-generated code or expanding LLM-assisted scaffolding; a stable or declining trajectory may reflect active human refactoring, code removal, or the adoption of stricter authorship policies. The dashed secondary line (right axis) independently tracks total raw pattern hit count, which can diverge from the normalised score when codebase size changes significantly between scans.
Classifies detected patterns by their diagnostic confidence and structural impact. CRITICAL patterns (coefficient 10) represent definitive synthetic signatures — hallucinated imports, explicit LLM attribution metadata — virtually never produced by human authors. HIGH (5) indicates strong structural tells such as cross-file repetition or cross-linguistic idioms. MEDIUM (2) covers recognisable conversational padding and AI-specific vocabulary. LOW (1) captures subtle indicators like tautological comments and generic boilerplate that require density to carry independent signal.
This horizontal bar chart decomposes the repository's raw synthetic code score by top-level directory, allowing you to pinpoint precisely which modules or components carry the highest AI authorship density. Directories with disproportionately high scores relative to their size warrant targeted manual review: concentrated AI signatures often trace back to mass-generated configuration layers, auto-ported test suites, LLM-scaffolded boilerplate classes, or entire subsystems authored under heavy copilot assistance. Use this view to prioritise your human code-review effort.
The scanner identified 83 distinct pattern matches across 12 syntactic categories. Each entry below represents a discrete location in the source code where the engine recorded a statistically significant AI authorship indicator. Expand any category row to inspect the individual file paths, line numbers, code snippets, and the lexical context (CODE, COMMENT, or STRING) in which each match was detected.
Reading the findings table: The Severity column indicates the diagnostic confidence level (CRITICAL / HIGH / MEDIUM / LOW). The Context column identifies whether the match occurred inside executable code, an inline comment, or a string literal — comment-context matches receive a ×1.5 weight because LLMs systematically over-annotate. The ⚡ bolt icon marks clustered matches: three or more patterns within a 10-line window, each receiving an additional ×1.5 density multiplier as dense clusters constitute far stronger evidence of synthetic authorship than isolated hits.
| Severity | File | Line | Snippet | Context |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MEDIUM | .scripts/diff_smt2.sh | 44 | # ────────────────────────────────────────────────── | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | .scripts/diff_smt2.sh | 46 | # ────────────────────────────────────────────────── | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | .scripts/diff_smt2.sh | 62 | # ────────────────────────────────────────────────── | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | .scripts/diff_smt2.sh | 64 | # ────────────────────────────────────────────────── | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | .scripts/diff_smt2.sh | 80 | # ────────────────────────────────────────────────── | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | .scripts/diff_smt2.sh | 82 | # ────────────────────────────────────────────────── | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | .scripts/diff_smt2.sh | 153 | # ────────────────────────────────────────────────── | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | .scripts/diff_smt2.sh | 155 | # ────────────────────────────────────────────────── | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | .scripts/diff_smt2.sh | 210 | # ────────────────────────────────────────────────── | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | .scripts/diff_smt2.sh | 212 | # ────────────────────────────────────────────────── | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | .scripts/diff_smt2.sh | 300 | # ────────────────────────────────────────────────── | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | .scripts/diff_smt2.sh | 302 | # ────────────────────────────────────────────────── | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | .scripts/diff_smt2.sh | 434 | # ────────────────────────────────────────────────── | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | .scripts/diff_smt2.sh | 436 | # ────────────────────────────────────────────────── | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | .scripts/ramon-report.py | 30 | # ── Parsing ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | .scripts/ramon-report.py | 117 | # ── Helpers ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | .scripts/ramon-report.py | 136 | # ── Statistics ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | .scripts/ramon-report.py | 205 | # ── Markdown Report ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | .scripts/ramon-report.py | 323 | # ── HTML Report ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | .scripts/ramon-report.py | 616 | # ── Main ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── | COMMENT |
| Severity | File | Line | Snippet | Context |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HIGH | tests/ide/test-incremental.py | 247 | request = f'{{"query-id":"1", "query": "vfs-add", "args":{{"filename":null, "contents": {json_contents}}}}}\n{{"quer | CODE |
| HIGH | .scripts/ramon-report.py | 528 | const sigMem = memData.filter(d => d.base > 50 || d.patch > 50); | CODE |
| HIGH | .scripts/ramon-report.py | 558 | const sigTime = timeData.filter(d => d.base > 1 || d.patch > 1); | CODE |
| HIGH | .scripts/benchmarking/run_benchmarks.py | 173 | shell_exec('grep BENCHMARK_PRE ulib/gmake/fstar.mk || git apply %s'%args.benchmark_hook_patch) | CODE |
| Severity | File | Line | Snippet | Context |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LOW | tests/ide/test-incremental.py | 241 | json_contents = json.dumps(contents) | COMMENT |
| LOW | pulse/pulse2rust/tests/src/lib.rs | 1 | mod pulsetutorial_algorithms; | COMMENT |
| LOW | pulse/pulse2rust/dpe/krmllib.h | 1 | #include <stdbool.h> | COMMENT |
| LOW | contrib/CoreCrypto/ml/openssl_stub.c | 1 | /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */ | COMMENT |
| LOW | contrib/CoreCrypto/ml/openssl_stub.c | 1401 | COMMENT | |
| LOW | .scripts/renamings.sh | 1 | #!/bin/bash | COMMENT |
| LOW | .scripts/remove_all_unused_opens.sh | 1 | #!/usr/bin/env bash | COMMENT |
| LOW | .scripts/runlim_diff.py | 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3 | COMMENT |
| LOW | .scripts/run_benchmark.sh | 1 | #!/bin/bash | COMMENT |
| LOW | .scripts/diff_smt2.sh | 1 | #!/usr/bin/env bash | COMMENT |
| LOW | .scripts/diff_smt2.sh | 301 | # Phase 6: Compare .smt2 files | COMMENT |
| LOW | .scripts/release.sh | 1 | #!/usr/bin/env bash | COMMENT |
| LOW | .github/workflows/nightly-build.yml | 1 | name: F* nightly build | COMMENT |
| LOW | .github/workflows/build-windows.yml | 81 | echo FSTAR_VERSION="nightly-$(date -I)" >> $GITHUB_ENV | COMMENT |
| LOW | doc/book/PoP-in-FStar/book/conf.py | 1 | # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- | COMMENT |
| LOW | doc/book/PoP-in-FStar/book/conf.py | 41 | COMMENT | |
| LOW | doc/book/PoP-in-FStar/book/conf.py | 61 | # source_suffix = ['.rst', '.md'] | COMMENT |
| LOW | doc/book/PoP-in-FStar/book/conf.py | 81 | COMMENT | |
| LOW | doc/book/PoP-in-FStar/book/conf.py | 101 | # Custom sidebar templates, must be a dictionary that maps document names | COMMENT |
| LOW | doc/book/PoP-in-FStar/book/conf.py | 121 | latex_elements = { | COMMENT |
| Severity | File | Line | Snippet | Context |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LOW | tests/ide/cleanup.py | 40 | except Exception as ex: | CODE |
| MEDIUM | .scripts/query-stats.py | 420 | print("Error: %s\n" % str(err)) | CODE |
| MEDIUM | .scripts/query-stats.py | 430 | print("Error: file '%s' does not exists." % a) | CODE |
| MEDIUM⚡ | .scripts/query-stats.py | 450 | print("Error: -n/-t/--top must be >= 0.") | CODE |
| MEDIUM⚡ | .scripts/query-stats.py | 460 | print("Error: filter not in s=v format.") | CODE |
| MEDIUM⚡ | .scripts/query-stats.py | 469 | print("Error: unsupported output format '%s'" % a) | CODE |
| LOW | .scripts/ramon-report.py | 68 | except Exception as e: | CODE |
| Severity | File | Line | Snippet | Context |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LOW | .scripts/query-stats.py | 50 | CODE | |
| LOW | .scripts/query-stats.py | 96 | CODE | |
| LOW | .scripts/query-stats.py | 136 | CODE | |
| LOW | .scripts/query-stats.py | 202 | CODE | |
| LOW | .scripts/query-stats.py | 282 | CODE | |
| LOW | .scripts/query-stats.py | 405 | CODE | |
| LOW | .scripts/ramon-report.py | 54 | CODE | |
| LOW | .scripts/fstardoc/fstardoc.py | 39 | CODE | |
| LOW | .scripts/fstardoc/fstardoc.py | 114 | CODE | |
| LOW | .scripts/fstardoc/fstardoc.py | 273 | CODE | |
| LOW | examples/tactics/bench/script.py | 72 | CODE |
| Severity | File | Line | Snippet | Context |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LOW | stage0/.scripts/mk-package.sh | 5 | # This will just create a tar.gz or zip out of a directory. | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | .scripts/src-install.sh | 24 | # before it tries to copy it. This seems robust. | COMMENT |
| LOW | .scripts/mk-package.sh | 5 | # This will just create a tar.gz or zip out of a directory. | COMMENT |
| LOW | .github/workflows/nightly-schedule.yml | 4 | # nightly build. To add a new branch, just add it to the matrix below. | COMMENT |
| Severity | File | Line | Snippet | Context |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LOW | tests/ide/test-incremental.py | 3 | CODE | |
| LOW | tests/ide/emacs/fuzz.py | 28 | CODE | |
| LOW | .scripts/ramon-report.py | 27 | CODE | |
| LOW | .scripts/runlim_diff_old.py | 7 | CODE | |
| LOW | doc/book/PoP-in-FStar/book/smt2_pygments.py | 2 | CODE | |
| LOW | doc/book/PoP-in-FStar/book/fstar_pygments.py | 2 | CODE |
| Severity | File | Line | Snippet | Context |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MEDIUM | .scripts/advance.sh | 32 | # Create a new version number. Fail if it is identical to the | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | .scripts/advance.sh | 119 | # Create a pull request if we pushed to a different branch | COMMENT |
| Severity | File | Line | Snippet | Context |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LOW | .scripts/remove_all_unused_opens.sh | 13 | # Please do NOT trust this script and make sure to save your state | COMMENT |
| MEDIUM | .scripts/run_benchmark.sh | 16 | # (you can use other commands, but they should support a `-o FILE` | COMMENT |
| Severity | File | Line | Snippet | Context |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LOW | .scripts/diff_smt2.sh | 357 | # Check if difference is only in metadata (comment lines) | COMMENT |
| LOW | .scripts/create_tag.sh | 21 | # Check if the user has provided a GitHub authentication token | COMMENT |
| LOW | .scripts/create_tag.sh | 63 | # Check if the commit pointed to by that tag (if any) points to the current commit | COMMENT |
| Severity | File | Line | Snippet | Context |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LOW | .scripts/benchmarking/fstar_slack_post.py | 155 | def create_slack_text_message(s): | CODE |
| LOW | .scripts/benchmarking/fstar_slack_post.py | 160 | def create_slack_attachment_message(fallback, color, text, footer): | CODE |
| LOW | .scripts/benchmarking/run_benchmarks.py | 87 | def parse_and_format_results_for_upload(fname, bench_name_prefix=''): | CODE |
| Severity | File | Line | Snippet | Context |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LOW | .scripts/diff_smt2.sh | 13 | # Usage: | COMMENT |