Repository Analysis

BruceDevices/firmware

Predatory ESP32 Firmware

5.8 Low AI signal View on GitHub

Analysis Overview

This report presents the forensic synthetic code analysis of BruceDevices/firmware, a C++ project with 6,585 GitHub stars. SynthScan v2.0 examined 219,821 lines of code across 949 source files, recording 1102 pattern matches distributed across 15 syntactic categories. The overall adjusted score of 5.8 places this repository in the Low AI signal band.

The scanner applied 160+ deterministic lexical heuristics, multi-line block detectors, abstract syntax tree depth profilers, and a cross-file Jaccard similarity matrix to construct a statistically normalised synthetic code estimate. All matches are individually weighted by severity coefficient and contextual multiplier before summation, and the resulting headline score is temporally discounted to account for the repository's development history relative to the commercial emergence of large language model coding tooling (November 2022 onward).

5.8
Adjusted Score
5.8
Raw Score
100%
Time Factor
2026-08-28
Last Push
6.6K
Stars
C++
Language
219.8K
Lines of Code
949
Files
1.1K
Pattern Hits
2026-08-29
Scan Date
0.01
HC Hit Rate

What These Metrics Mean

Adjusted Score
Primary synthetic code indicator. Raw score normalised per 1,000 lines of code and multiplied by the temporal discount factor. This is the definitive comparative metric — use it to rank repositories by AI authorship density.
Raw Score
The unmodified sum of all severity-weighted, context-multiplied pattern match scores before temporal discounting. Reflects the absolute signal strength independent of when the repository was last active.
Time Factor
The temporal discount multiplier (0–100%) applied to the raw score. Repositories last updated before ChatGPT's launch (Nov 2022) receive a 5% factor. Full signal is only assigned to repositories active in the post-adoption era (Jan 2024+).
Pattern Hits
Total count of individual pattern matches across all files and categories. A high hit count with a low score may indicate a very large codebase with isolated AI snippets; a low count with a high score indicates dense, concentrated AI signatures.
HC Hit Rate
High+Critical pattern hits per file, averaged across the repository. This orthogonal signal catches repositories where a few files are densely packed with high-severity AI tells — a strong indicator even when the normalised score appears moderate due to codebase size.
Lines of Code / Files
Total lines and files analysed. The scanner examines 94 file extensions. These denominators are used to normalise the score, enabling fair comparison between repositories of vastly different sizes.

Score History

This chart maps the temporal evolution of the adjusted synthetic code score across successive scan runs. An upward trajectory indicates ongoing incorporation of AI-generated code or expanding LLM-assisted scaffolding; a stable or declining trajectory may reflect active human refactoring, code removal, or the adoption of stricter authorship policies. The dashed secondary line (right axis) independently tracks total raw pattern hit count, which can diverge from the normalised score when codebase size changes significantly between scans.

Severity Breakdown

Classifies detected patterns by their diagnostic confidence and structural impact. CRITICAL patterns (coefficient 10) represent definitive synthetic signatures — hallucinated imports, explicit LLM attribution metadata — virtually never produced by human authors. HIGH (5) indicates strong structural tells such as cross-file repetition or cross-linguistic idioms. MEDIUM (2) covers recognisable conversational padding and AI-specific vocabulary. LOW (1) captures subtle indicators like tautological comments and generic boilerplate that require density to carry independent signal.

CRITICAL 0HIGH 12MEDIUM 59LOW 1031

Directory Score Breakdown

This horizontal bar chart decomposes the repository's raw synthetic code score by top-level directory, allowing you to pinpoint precisely which modules or components carry the highest AI authorship density. Directories with disproportionately high scores relative to their size warrant targeted manual review: concentrated AI signatures often trace back to mass-generated configuration layers, auto-ported test suites, LLM-scaffolded boilerplate classes, or entire subsystems authored under heavy copilot assistance. Use this view to prioritise your human code-review effort.

Pattern Findings

The scanner identified 1102 distinct pattern matches across 15 syntactic categories. Each entry below represents a discrete location in the source code where the engine recorded a statistically significant AI authorship indicator. Expand any category row to inspect the individual file paths, line numbers, code snippets, and the lexical context (CODE, COMMENT, or STRING) in which each match was detected.

Reading the findings table: The Severity column indicates the diagnostic confidence level (CRITICAL / HIGH / MEDIUM / LOW). The Context column identifies whether the match occurred inside executable code, an inline comment, or a string literal — comment-context matches receive a ×1.5 weight because LLMs systematically over-annotate. The ⚡ bolt icon marks clustered matches: three or more patterns within a 10-line window, each receiving an additional ×1.5 density multiplier as dense clusters constitute far stronger evidence of synthetic authorship than isolated hits.

Over-Commented Block1008 hits · 988 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
LOWpatch_library_conflicts.py61 r'detachInterrupt\(int_pin\);',COMMENT
LOWpatch_library_conflicts.py141 ),COMMENT
LOWpatch_library_conflicts.py181 # pass POLL_COLAVOIDANCE actually runs, heavier than the lightweight TECHDETECT probe) had noCOMMENT
LOWinclude/globals.h1#ifndef __GLOBALS__COMMENT
LOWinclude/globals.h21#include <NTPClient.h>COMMENT
LOWinclude/globals.h41#if defined(HAS_SCREEN)COMMENT
LOWinclude/rotary_decoder.h41 * Drop-in replacement for the RotaryEncoder library's getPosition():COMMENT
LOWinclude/precompiler_flags.h1// clang-format offCOMMENT
LOWinclude/precompiler_flags.h21#ifndef SAFE_STACK_BUFFER_SIZECOMMENT
LOWinclude/precompiler_flags.h41COMMENT
LOWinclude/precompiler_flags.h61 #define TXLED GROVE_SDACOMMENT
LOWinclude/precompiler_flags.h81#ifndef TFT_WIDTHCOMMENT
LOWinclude/precompiler_flags.h101 #define LORA_RST -1COMMENT
LOWinclude/precompiler_flags.h121 #define TFT_BL -1COMMENT
LOWinclude/precompiler_flags.h141#endifCOMMENT
LOWinclude/precompiler_flags.h181 #undef RF_RX_PINSCOMMENT
LOWinclude/precompiler_flags.h201#endifCOMMENT
LOWinclude/precompiler_flags.h221#endifCOMMENT
LOWinclude/precompiler_flags.h241#endifCOMMENT
LOWinclude/precompiler_flags.h261#ifndef SMOOTH_FONTCOMMENT
LOWinclude/VectorDisplay.h41};COMMENT
LOWinclude/VectorDisplay.h61#define ALIGN_TOP 't'COMMENT
LOWinclude/VectorDisplay.h81#define TFT_RED 0xF800 /* 255, 0, 0 */COMMENT
LOWinclude/VectorDisplay.h101#define ILI9341_CYAN 0x07FF /* 0, 255, 255 */COMMENT
LOWinclude/VectorDisplay.h121#define CL_DATUM 3 // Centre left, same as aboveCOMMENT
LOWboards/marauder-touch/pins_arduino.h61#define GPS_SERIAL_RX SERIAL_RXCOMMENT
LOWboards/marauder-touch/pins_arduino.h81#define NRF24_MISO_PIN SPI_MISO_PINCOMMENT
LOWboards/marauder-touch/pins_arduino.h101#define SMOOTH_FONT 1COMMENT
LOWboards/lilygo-t-deck/pins_arduino.h1#ifndef Pins_Arduino_hCOMMENT
LOWboards/lilygo-t-watch-s3/pins_arduino.h1#ifndef Pins_Arduino_hCOMMENT
LOWboards/_New-Device-Model/pins_arduino.h61#define WCLK 43COMMENT
LOWboards/_New-Device-Model/pins_arduino.h81#define CC1101_GDO0_PIN 9COMMENT
LOWboards/_New-Device-Model/pins_arduino.h101#define USER_SETUP_LOADED 1COMMENT
LOWboards/_New-Device-Model/pins_arduino.h121#define SDCARD_SCK 40COMMENT
LOWboards/m5stack-cardputer/pins_arduino.h201#define LED_COUNT 1COMMENT
LOWboards/m5stack-cores3/pins_arduino.h1#ifndef Pins_Arduino_hCOMMENT
LOWboards/m5stack-cores3/pins_arduino.h61static const uint8_t ADC = 10;COMMENT
LOWboards/m5stack-cores3/pins_arduino.h81// Screen SetupCOMMENT
LOWboards/m5stack-cores3/pins_arduino.h101#define SMOOTH_FONT 1COMMENT
LOWboards/m5stack-cores3/pins_arduino.h121COMMENT
LOWboards/m5stack-cores3/interface.cpp1#include "core/bus_HAL.h"COMMENT
LOWboards/lilygo-t-display-ttgo/pins_arduino.h1#ifndef Pins_Arduino_hCOMMENT
LOWboards/lilygo-t-display-ttgo/pins_arduino.h21#define SDCARD_MOSI SPI_MOSI_PINCOMMENT
LOWboards/lilygo-t-display-ttgo/pins_arduino.h41#define W5500_MISO_PIN SPI_MISO_PINCOMMENT
LOWboards/lilygo-t-display-ttgo/pins_arduino.h61#define TFT_MOSI 19COMMENT
LOWboards/lilygo-t-display-ttgo/pins_arduino.h81COMMENT
LOWboards/lilygo-t-display-ttgo/pins_arduino.h101#define RXLED 15COMMENT
LOWboards/lilygo-t-display-s3-pro/interface.cpp1#include "core/bus_HAL.h"COMMENT
LOWboards/lilygo-t-hmi/pins_arduino.h1#ifndef Pins_Arduino_hCOMMENT
LOWboards/lilygo-t-hmi/pins_arduino.h21#define CC1101_GDO0_PIN 16COMMENT
LOWboards/lilygo-t-hmi/pins_arduino.h41// Pins set on .ini fileCOMMENT
LOWboards/lilygo-t-hmi/pins_arduino.h61COMMENT
LOWboards/lilygo-t-hmi/pins_arduino.h81#define TFT_D6 45COMMENT
LOWboards/lilygo-t-hmi/pins_arduino.h101COMMENT
LOWboards/nm-cyd-c5/pins_arduino.h1#ifndef Pins_Arduino_hCOMMENT
LOWboards/nm-cyd-c5/pins_arduino.h41#define SDA1 LP_SDACOMMENT
LOWboards/nm-cyd-c5/pins_arduino.h61// I2CCOMMENT
LOWboards/nm-cyd-c5/pins_arduino.h81#define TFT_HEIGHT 320COMMENT
LOWboards/nm-cyd-c5/pins_arduino.h101#define SMOOTH_FONT 1COMMENT
LOWboards/nm-cyd-c5/pins_arduino.h121#define RXLED 9COMMENT
948 more matches not shown…
Decorative Section Separators51 hits · 168 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
MEDIUMsrc/modules/wifi/wifi_recover.cpp18// ── Thermal knob ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/wifi/wifi_recover.cpp27// ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/reverseShell/reverseShell.cpp19 // ── WebSocket Event Handler ────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/reverseShell/reverseShell.cpp68 // ── Setup ──────────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/reverseShell/reverseShell.cpp85 // ── AP Password: bruce ─────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/reverseShell/reverseShell.cpp97 // ── Web Interface ──────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/reverseShell/reverseShell.cpp170 // ── Main Loop ──────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/rf/rf_jammer.h6// ── RF Jammer modes ─────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/rf/rf_jammer.cpp22// ── Mode selection menu ─────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/rf/rf_jammer.cpp205// ── FULL POWER: Maximum duty cycle continuous TX ────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/rf/rf_jammer.cpp276// ── INTERMITTENT: Varied pulse patterns + bursts ────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/rf/rf_jammer.cpp342// ── NOISE STORM: CC1101 PN9 hardware random TX ─────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/rf/rf_jammer.cpp421// ── FREQ SWEEP: Hop around target frequency ─────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/NRF24/nrf_mousejack.h17// ── Maximum targets ───────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/NRF24/nrf_mousejack.h20// ── Device type identification ────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/NRF24/nrf_mousejack.h28// ── Target structure ──────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/NRF24/nrf_mousejack.h37// ── HID key mapping ──────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/NRF24/nrf_mousejack.h101// ── DuckyScript key name entry ────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/NRF24/nrf_mousejack.h108// ── Public functions ──────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/NRF24/nrf_mousejack.cpp20// ── Tuning Constants ────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/NRF24/nrf_mousejack.cpp26// ── Static module state ─────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/NRF24/nrf_mousejack.cpp32// ── ASCII to HID scancode lookup table ──────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/NRF24/nrf_mousejack.cpp222// ── Helper: ASCII to HID ────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/NRF24/nrf_mousejack.cpp229// ── CRC16-CCITT for ESB packet validation ───────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/NRF24/nrf_mousejack.cpp239// ── Target Management ───────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/NRF24/nrf_mousejack.cpp594// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/NRF24/nrf_mousejack.cpp595// ═══════════════ SCANNING UI ═══════════════════════════════════COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/NRF24/nrf_mousejack.cpp596// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/NRF24/nrf_mousejack.cpp715// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/NRF24/nrf_mousejack.cpp716// ═══════════════ ATTACK EXECUTION ══════════════════════════════COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/NRF24/nrf_mousejack.cpp717// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/NRF24/nrf_mousejack.cpp891// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/NRF24/nrf_mousejack.cpp892// ═══════════════ TARGET LIST & ATTACK MENU ═════════════════════COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/NRF24/nrf_mousejack.cpp893// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/NRF24/nrf_mousejack.cpp931// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/NRF24/nrf_mousejack.cpp932// ═══════════════ MAIN MOUSEJACK MENU ══════════════════════════COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/NRF24/nrf_mousejack.cpp933// ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/NRF24/nrf_mousejack.cpp169// ── DuckyScript key name table ──────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/NRF24/nrf_mousejack.cpp287// ── Fingerprinting ──────────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/NRF24/nrf_mousejack.cpp370// ── Microsoft Protocol Helpers ──────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/NRF24/nrf_mousejack.cpp381// ── Transmit with retransmission ────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/NRF24/nrf_mousejack.cpp404// ── Microsoft Keystroke Transmit ────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/NRF24/nrf_mousejack.cpp437// ── Logitech Keystroke Transmit ─────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/NRF24/nrf_mousejack.cpp455// ── Send single keystroke (press + release) ─────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/NRF24/nrf_mousejack.cpp467// ── Type a string as keystrokes ─────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/NRF24/nrf_mousejack.cpp488// ── DuckyScript line parser ─────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/NRF24/nrf_mousejack.cpp564// ── Get device type label ───────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/NRF24/nrf_mousejack.cpp574// ── Format address as string ────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/NRF24/nrf_mousejack.cpp639// ── Scanning function ───────────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/NRF24/nrf_mousejack.cpp742// ── Attack: Inject String ───────────────────────────────────────COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/NRF24/nrf_mousejack.cpp793// ── Attack: DuckyScript from SD Card ────────────────────────────COMMENT
Cross-Language Confusion (JS/TS)9 hits · 62 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
HIGHsd_files/interpreter/ir2keys.js33 print("waiting for IR signals...", 0 , 0);CODE
HIGHsd_files/interpreter/ir2keys.js44 print("received:");CODE
HIGHsd_files/interpreter/ir2keys.js45 print(curr_ir_signal);CODE
HIGHsd_files/interpreter/ir2keys.js55 print("pressed play");CODE
HIGHsd_files/interpreter/ir2keys.js61 print("pressed next");CODE
HIGHsd_files/interpreter/ir2keys.js67 print("pressed prev");CODE
HIGHsd_files/interpreter/ir2keys.js73 print("pressed stop");CODE
HIGHsd_files/interpreter/ir2keys.js77 print("unknown button pressed");CODE
HIGHsd_files/interpreter/dtmf.js35 print("invalid digit (skipped): " + s[i]);CODE
Excessive Try-Catch Wrapping7 hits · 10 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
MEDIUMpatch.py130 print(f'Error: Source directory "{data_src_dir}" does not exist!')CODE
LOWpatch_library_conflicts.py221 except Exception as e:CODE
LOWgen_mqjs_headers.py73 except Exception:CODE
LOWgen_mqjs_headers.py83 except Exception:CODE
LOWgen_mqjs_headers.py218 except Exception as e:CODE
MEDIUM.vscode/build_public_download.py91 print(f"Error: {bin_path} not found")CODE
MEDIUM.vscode/build_public_download.py96 print(f"Error: {merged_bin_path} not found")CODE
Cross-Language Confusion2 hits · 10 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
HIGHpatch_library_conflicts.py112 ' if (isr_active && int_pin < 0) { return; }\n'CODE
HIGHpatch_library_conflicts.py140 ' } while (int_pin >= 0 && digitalRead(int_pin) == HIGH);'CODE
Verbosity Indicators5 hits · 9 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
LOWsrc/modules/others/mic.h6is set So we need to check if the pin was set as Input, lock its state and reset it after finish theCODE
LOWsrc/modules/others/clicker.cpp649 // Step 1: Perform clickCOMMENT
LOWsrc/modules/others/clicker.cpp654 // Step 2: Check if target reached (immediate check)COMMENT
LOWsrc/modules/others/clicker.cpp660 // Step 3: Update statistics every secondCOMMENT
LOWsrc/modules/others/clicker.cpp671 // Step 4: Responsive delay with user interrupt checkCOMMENT
Structural Annotation Overuse4 hits · 8 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
LOWsrc/modules/others/clicker.cpp649 // Step 1: Perform clickCOMMENT
LOWsrc/modules/others/clicker.cpp654 // Step 2: Check if target reached (immediate check)COMMENT
LOWsrc/modules/others/clicker.cpp660 // Step 3: Update statistics every secondCOMMENT
LOWsrc/modules/others/clicker.cpp671 // Step 4: Responsive delay with user interrupt checkCOMMENT
AI Slop Vocabulary3 hits · 8 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
MEDIUMsd_files/interpreter/dino_game.js375 groundX = 0; // Reset position for seamless loopingCODE
MEDIUMsrc/core/serial_commands/rf_commands.cpp166// --- /mfcodes management on LittleFS (single-line, robust) ------------------COMMENT
MEDIUMsrc/modules/rfid/ST25R3916.cpp2562 // Re-select before moving to the next sector (fresh first-auth is more robust).COMMENT
Hyper-Verbose Identifiers5 hits · 5 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
LOWembedded_resources/web_interface/index.js1166function updateShowHideNavigatingButton() {CODE
LOWsd_files/interpreter/M5stickcplus2_arcade-games.js362function drawBreakoutGameOverScreen() {CODE
LOWsd_files/interpreter/M5stickcplus2_arcade-games.js398function drawBreakoutNextLevelScreen() {CODE
LOWsd_files/themes/Theme_Builder.html858 function updateUnassignedImagesDisplay() {CODE
LOWsrc/modules/wifi/evil_portal.h10 class CaptiveRequestHandler : public AsyncWebHandler {CODE
AI Response Leakage1 hit · 5 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
HIGHlib/TFT_eSPI/README.md154. An excellent new compatible library is available which can render TrueType fonts on a TFT screen (or into a sprite). CODE
Slop Phrases2 hits · 4 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
MEDIUMsd_files/BadUSB and BlueDucky/Ducky-en.html497 <font size="2" style="color:#bbbdba"><i><mark>GUI</mark> is used for both: the <mark>WINDOWS(&#8862;)</mark> key on CODE
MEDIUMsd_files/BadUSB and BlueDucky/Ducky-en.html516 <font size="2" style="color:#bbbdba"><i><b><u>ONLY</u></b> on <b>Windows</b>: <mark>CTRL-ALT</mark> is the same asCODE
Deep Nesting2 hits · 2 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
LOWpatch.py122CODE
LOWbuild.py45CODE
Redundant / Tautological Comments1 hit · 2 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
LOWpatch.py66 # Read the file in chunks to avoid memory issuesCOMMENT
Unused Imports1 hit · 1 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
LOWpatch_library_conflicts.py1CODE
Fake / Example Data1 hit · 1 pts
SeverityFileLineSnippetContext
LOWsd_files/themes/Theme_Builder.html675 placeholder.className = 'placeholder';CODE